论海洋污染的国际法规制

海洋环境保护是国际环境保护的重要组成部分,而国际社会的合作是构建海洋环境保护国际法制的有效路径。本研究梳理了海洋环境保护立法的历史演变,分析了《联合国海洋法公约》在海洋环境保护中的意义,从陆地来源、船舶、倾倒、远洋油气和矿产资源开发造成海上污染的四个方面着重论述了海洋环境污染与国际法保护问题,最后总结了国际海洋环境保护立法中的教训。     

不同颜色聚碳酸酯塑料对附着藻类生长和群落结构的影响

附着藻类是水体重要的初级生产者,在维持水体生态功能和水质净化方面具有重要的作用.前期研究表明塑料是良好的附着藻类着生基质,不同塑料材质对附着藻类定植影响不同,但有关塑料颜色对附着藻类生长影响的研究还鲜见报道.以不同颜色的聚碳酸酯塑料(PC)为附着基质,通过测定附着藻类的生物量、光合作用活力和群落组成等,探究其对附着藻类生长和群落结构的影响.结果表明,整个实验周期内,茶色PC塑料会抑制附着藻类的生长,该组叶绿素a和干重含量显著低于其他实验组.绿色PC塑料会抑制附着藻类的光合活力,该组的实际光合效率(Yield)显著低于其他实验组.不同颜色PC塑料对附着藻类影响主要在前期定植/发育阶段,后期群落成熟时影响不显著.实验第7 d,透明PC塑料组和绿色PC塑料组附着藻类的群落组成有显著差异;第25 d和第40 d,各实验组的附着藻类的群落结构趋同,无显著差异.实验初期(第7 d),各实验组的优势属为蓝藻门伪鱼腥藻属,中后期(第25 d和40 d)为绿藻门转板藻属.本研究初步探讨了不同颜色的PC塑料对附着藻类生长和群落发育的影响,可为利用周丛生物技术开展水污染治理时,挑选合适颜色的附着基质,提供参...     

基于生态系统服务的海洋空间开发适宜性评价方法及应用——以粤港澳大湾区伶仃洋为例

海洋空间开发适宜性评价是开展海洋空间规划的基础,对粤港澳大湾区协同发展具有重要意义。在生态系统服务框架下提出伶仃洋空间开发适宜性评价方法并分区。根据一级分区结果、开发适宜性—生态保护重要性矩阵和面积占比,分为重点开发区（高—低,30.63%）、限制开发区（高—高,22.71%）、保留区（低—低,23.37%）、禁止开发区（低—高,23.29%）,以上四区开发适宜性依次递减。根据资源禀赋和用海兼容条件进行二级分区,重点开发区包括港口航运、旅游、渔业等单功能二级区（近岸与岛屿周围海域）和兼容二级区（桂山岛外围海域）,关注供给/文化服务协同开发。限制开发区分为生态旅游和休闲渔业二级区,分布于香港、澳门地区近岸海域,需权衡供给/文化服务的开发和调节/支持服务的保护。     

海域功能分类体系协调性判别方法

海域功能分类是海洋空间规划编制和实施的基础标准,建立不同海域功能分类体系的协调方案是实现海洋空间规划多规合一的必要条件。因此,梳理我国现行海域功能分类体系,选取实施已久的海洋功能区划的功能区分类,以及自然资源部最新推出作为国土空间规划标准的海域利用分类,在明确海域功能分类体系协调性内涵的基础上,从海域用途符合性、环境质量标准符合性、开发利用影响三方面构建不同海域功能分类体系的协调性判别方法,并依此得出海洋功能区分类和海域利用分类的协调性判别矩阵。结果表明：协调类型为“兼容”或“有条件兼容”的海域利用组合共计22对,为国土空间规划中海域混合利用和分层利用的重点关注对象。     

藻类对大型溞抵抗农药的毒理学影响及其机制

为探究藻类对大型溞农药抗性的影响及其机制,分别将5种淡水广布的甲藻、硅藻、绿藻、隐藻、蓝藻等量培育大型溞后,再将大型溞分别暴露于2种杀虫剂吡虫啉(水溶性)和氰戊菊酯(脂溶性)中,测定大型溞的半数致死剂量、化学计量比(P/C,N/C)和脂肪酸含量.研究表明:与生源性化学元素氮磷相比,N3不饱和脂肪酸能更好揭示大型溞对藻类的捕食关系;藻类的N3不饱和脂肪酸含量是影响大型溞对水溶性农药抗性的关键因子;大型溞对脂溶性农药的抗性差异比暴露在水溶性农药中更明显.因此,藻类的N3不饱和脂肪酸是预测大型溞对水溶性农药抗性强度的最佳因子,其有助于更准确地预测以不同藻类为食的大型溞食物链对自然环境中污染物的抗性和风险.     

Al-Zn-In系牺牲阳极在间浸环境中的性能研究

目的探究4种常用Al-Zn-In系牺牲阳极(Al-Zn-In、Al-Zn-In-Cd、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn)在海水间浸环境中的电化学性能。方法采用恒电流法对4种阳极的开路电位、工作电位、实际电容量、电流效率及溶解形貌等进行研究,并结合电化学阻抗谱、动电位极化曲线等方法进行分析。结果在间浸环境中,Al-Zn-In、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn的电流效率均在88.92%以上,3种阳极的工作电位在-0.96~-1.10 V波动,能满足碳钢在间浸环境中的保护需要。Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn阳极溶解形貌均匀,Al-Zn-In和Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti阳极溶解形貌略差。Al-Zn-In-Cd阳极电流效率仅为80.95%,工作电位在-0.93~-1.10 V波动,溶解形貌不均匀,电化学性能最差。研究发现,Al-Zn-In-Cd阳极表面附着的腐蚀产物多次在空气环境中脱水,并形成壳层,导致电位正移,阻碍阳极的进一步活化。结论在间浸环境中,4种阳极的电化学性能由好到差依次为Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn阳极、Al-Zn-In阳极、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti阳极、Al-Zn-In-Cd阳极,前3种阳极适用于间浸环境中海洋结构物的阴极保护。     

Managing conflicts between economic activities and threatened migratory marine species toward creating a multiobjective blue economy

Harnessing the economic potential of the oceans is key to combating poverty, enhancing food security, and strengthening economies. But the concomitant risk of intensified resource extraction to migratory species is worrying given these species contribute to important ecological processes, often underpin alternative livelihoods, and are mostly already threatened. We thus sought to quantify the potential conflict between key economic activities (5 fisheries and hydrocarbon exploitation) and sea turtle migration corridors in a region with rapid economic development: southern and eastern Africa. We satellite tracked the movement of 20 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and 14 leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) turtles during their postnesting migrations. We used movement‐based kernel density estimation to identify migration corridors for each species. We overlaid these corridors on maps of the distribution and intensity of economic activities, quantified the extent of overlap and threat posed by each activity on each species, and compared the effects of activities. These results were compared with annual bycatch rates in the respective fisheries. Both species’ 3 corridors overlapped most with longline fishing, but the effect was worse for leatherbacks: their bycatch rates of approximately 1500/year were substantial relative to the regional population size of <100 nesting females/annum. This bycatch rate is likely slowing population growth. Artisanal fisheries may be of greater concern for loggerheads than for leatherbacks, but the population appears to be withstanding the high bycatch rates because it is increasing exponentially. The hydrocarbon industry currently has a moderately low impact on both species, but mining in key areas (e.g., Southern Mozambique) may undermine >50 years of conservation, potentially affecting >80% of loggerheads, 33% of the (critically endangered) leatherbacks, and their nesting beaches. We support establishing blue economies (i.e., generating wealth from the ocean), but oceans need to be carefully zoned and responsibly managed in both space and time to achieve economic (resource extraction), ecological (conservation, maintenance of processes), and social (maintenance of alternative livelihood opportunities, alleviate poverty) objectives.     

Use of environmental DNA in assessment of fish functional and phylogenetic diversity

Assessing the impact of global changes and protection effectiveness is a key step in monitoring marine fishes. Most traditional census methods are demanding or destructive. Nondisturbing and nonlethal approaches based on video and environmental DNA are alternatives to underwater visual census or fishing. However, their ability to detect multiple biodiversity factors beyond traditional taxonomic diversity is still unknown. For bony fishes and elasmobranchs, we compared the performance of eDNA metabarcoding and long-term remote video to assess species’ phylogenetic and functional diversity. We used 10 eDNA samples from 30 L of water each and 25 hr of underwater videos over 4 days on Malpelo Island (pacific coast of Colombia), a remote marine protected area. Metabarcoding of eDNA detected 66% more molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) than species on video. We found 66 and 43 functional entities with a single eDNA marker and videos, respectively, and higher functional richness for eDNA than videos. Despite gaps in genetic reference databases, eDNA also detected a higher fish phylogenetic diversity than videos; accumulation curves showed how 1 eDNA transect detected as much phylogenetic diversity as 25 hr of video. Environmental DNA metabarcoding can be used to affordably, efficiently, and accurately census biodiversity factors in marine systems. Although taxonomic assignments are still limited by species coverage in genetic reference databases, use of MOTUs highlights the potential of eDNA metabarcoding once reference databases have expanded.     

Place‐based and data‐rich citizen science as a precursor for conservation action

Environmental education strategies have customarily placed substantial focus on enhancing ecological knowledge and literacy with the hope that, upon discovering relevant facts and concepts, participants will be better equipped to process and dissect environmental issues and, therefore, make more informed decisions. The assumption is that informed citizens will become active citizens––enthusiastically lobbying for, and participating in, conservation‐oriented action. We surveyed and interviewed and used performance data from 432 participants in the Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST), a scientifically rigorous citizen science program, to explore measurable change in and links between understanding and action. We found that participation in rigorous citizen science was associated with significant increases in participant knowledge and skills; a greater connection to place and, secondarily, to community; and an increasing awareness of the relative impact of anthropogenic activities on local ecosystems specifically through increasing scientific understanding of the ecosystem and factors affecting it. Our results suggest that a place‐based, data‐rich experience linked explicitly to local, regional, and global issues can lead to measurable change in individual and collective action, expressed in our case study principally through participation in citizen science and community action and communication of program results to personal acquaintances and elected officials. We propose the following tenets of conservation literacy based on emergent themes and the connections between them explicit in our data: place‐based learning creates personal meaning making; individual experience nested within collective (i.e., program‐wide) experience facilitates an understanding of the ecosystem process and function at local and regional scales; and science‐based meaning making creates informed concern (i.e., the ability to discern both natural and anthropogenic forcing), which allows individuals to develop a personalized prioritization schema and engage in conservation action.     

Addressing transboundary conservation challenges through marine spatial prioritization

The Adriatic and Ionian Region is an important area for both strategic maritime development and biodiversity conservation in the European Union (EU). However, given that both EU and non‐EU countries border the sea, multiple legal and regulatory frameworks operate at different scales, which can hinder the coordinated long‐term sustainable development of the region. Transboundary marine spatial planning can help overcome these challenges by building consensus on planning objectives and making the trade‐offs between biodiversity conservation and its influence on economically important sectors more explicit. We address this challenge by developing and testing 4 spatial prioritization strategies with the decision‐support tool Marxan, which meets targets for biodiversity conservation while minimizing impacts to users. We evaluated these strategies in terms of how priority areas shift under different scales of target setting (e.g., regional vs. country level). We also examined the trade‐off between cost‐efficiency and how equally solutions represent countries and maritime industries (n = 14) operating in the region with the protection‐equality metric. We found negligible differences in where priority conservation areas were located when we set targets for biodiversity at the regional versus country scale. Conversely, the prospective impacts on industries, when considered as costs to be minimized, were highly divergent across scenarios and biased the placement of protection toward industries located in isolation or where there were few other industries. We recommend underpinning future marine spatial planning efforts in the region through identification of areas of national significance, transboundary areas requiring cooperation between countries, and areas where impacts on maritime industries require careful consideration of the trade‐off between biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic objectives.