淡水湖泊营养状态监测新方法——叶绿素比值模型

选取铜绿微囊藻、鱼腥藻、蛋白核小球藻、汉氏菱形藻、薄甲藻和小定鞭金藻作为湖泊水体从富营养状态到贫营养状态的代表藻种,用热乙醇-反复冻融-分光光度法测定其叶绿素a、b、c的浓度,通过分析叶绿素(chl)的比值、藻类种群组成和水体营养水平之间的响应关系,建立了叶绿素比值模型作为评价水体营养状态的一种新方法.在计算单种藻类chlb/chla、chlc/chla比值的基础上,结合目前我国湖泊水体不同营养水平藻类种群组成的统计数据,得到不同营养状态下多种藻类同时存在时水体chlb/chla和chlc/chla比值的变化曲线.结果表明,在中营养和贫营养水体中,chlc/chla值随营养水平的降低呈明显单调上升的趋势;在富营养化水体中,chlb/chla值随营养水平的降低而呈明显单调上升的趋势.根据这个规律,提出了判断水体营养水平的新标准,即:当chlc/chla0.30时,水体为贫营养;当0.18chlc/chla0.30时,水体为中营养;当chlc/chla0.18时,水体为富营养,此时,需要借助chlb/chla的值进行进一步的判断:当chlb/chla0.14时,水体为轻度富营养化;当0.08chlb/chla0.14时,水体为中度富营养化;当chlb/chla0.08时,水体为重度富营养化.以白洋淀为研究案例,分析结果表明,叶绿素比值模型判断和综合营养状态指数法判断结果相符.因此,叶绿素比值模型可以作为简单、快捷、准确的评价我国淡水湖泊营养状态的方法.     

不同混凝剂对流溪河水源水中藻类去除的对比

对夏秋季节广州流溪河下游含藻水源水进行了混凝沉淀试验处理,研究了硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝、聚合氯化铝铁、聚合硫酸铁等不同混凝剂及其投加量对藻类和浊度的去除效果,考察了pH值、温度对不同混凝剂去浊率和除藻率的影响,并用zeta电位及显微拍照分析方法,分别对混凝剂的静电中和能力与絮凝体的形态结构进行了初步的研究表征.结果表明,对于pH值为6~8、水温315℃、藻类和浊度分别为 1.14×107~4.10×107个/L和27~38NTU的水源水,硫酸铝的混凝效果最好,当其投加量为3.0mg/L时,其除藻率和去浊率可分别达到80%和89%,其他混凝剂混凝效果的优劣顺序依次为:聚合氯化铝铁、聚合硫酸铝、聚合硫酸铁;而对冬季的低温水源水,采用聚合硫酸铝或聚合氯化铝铁时,除藻和去浊效果较好.     

Carrying capacity of an uninhabited island off the southwestern coast of Korea

An emergy evaluation was carried out to assess the carrying capacity of a small, uninhabited island (Woosedo) off the southwestern coast of Korea. The sea area within 1 km from the high tide level of the island was included in the evaluation. The total environmental emergy input to Woosedo was 1.66E19 sej/yr, with the most emergy contribution from the tidal energy. The land and marine ecosystems of Woosedo contributed 4.97 million Em$ (7600 Em$/ha/yr) to the Korean economy annually. If Woosedo was developed to the national average at the emergy investment ratio of 2.86, its carrying capacity was estimated at 1034 people at the current living standard of Korea. With this population, the island system would not be sustainable with a very low emergy sustainability index of 0.36. At the same living standard used in the developed scenario, the carrying capacity of the island would be 370 people for a sustainable development scenario and 270 people if the renewable emergy were the only source to support the population. The emergy contribution of the marine ecosystem of the island was the major source of support in determining the level of carrying capacity of the island.     

Assessment of the effects of a port expansion on algae appearance in a costal bay through mathematical modelling. Application to San Lorenzo Bay (North Spain)

In the last years several episodes of algae appearance affecting bathing areas have been observed in San Lorenzo Bay (north of Spain). The analysis of the collected algae revealed that they might come from near intertidal or shallow subtidal zones due to eutrophication processes or through drift algae movement by the action of marine currents. In the vicinity of this area, the expansion of the Port of Gijón (now under construction) supposes a significant modification of the coastal geometry. The magnitude of such an expansion could cause changes in the patterns of currents in the bay, with the consequent alteration of the observed algal appearance phenomena. A mathematical modelling study to evaluate the risk of generation of eutrophication processes in the San Lorenzo Bay area and the transport of drift algae from near sea bed areas was developed. This study required the use of different hydrodynamic models in order to characterize the currents caused by tides, winds and waves. The eutrophication processes in the bay were analyzed with a depth-averaged two-dimensional eutrophication model which deals with eight water quality variables. Calibration of model parameters with the observed data from a field survey was performed. A reasonable agreement with the field measurements was achieved. Model results showed that the maximum phytoplankton concentrations were below eutrophic conditions. Although, the port expansion has led to an increment of phytoplankton concentrations, chlorophyll a levels were not representative of eutrophic conditions. To analyse the transport of drift algae, a methodology based on the utilization of a two-dimensional model which solves the depth-averaged advection-diffusion equation considering seaweed as a conservative tracer was developed and applied. Numerical modelling allowed the identification of the coastal areas that seems to be the source of the seaweed found on the beach. It was also proven that port expansion does not significantly affect drift algae transport in the area.     

浮游植物程序性细胞死亡研究进展

浮游植物是水生生态系统的基础,在生物地化循环中起着非常重要的作用,浮游植物的死亡势必引起水生生态系统的改变。近年来的研究表明,浮游植物的死亡是浮游植物水华衰退的一个重要原因。浮游植物中是否存在与后生动物类似的程序性细胞死亡（Programmed cell death,PCD）途径,也因此成了一个热点问题。文章对近年来浮游植物死亡表型、PCD生化证据、诱发条件、分子基础方面研究进行了总结。大量证据表明,浮游植物中存在类似细胞凋亡、类凋亡、自噬等途径的PCD,但Caspase基因除具有死亡执行者功能外,还可能具有看家功能。活性氧（ROS）和一氧化氮（NO）在浮游植物PCD过程中可能起到死亡信号分子的作用。部分浮游植物的PCD可以改善种群生存,但其生态学意义总体而言仍存在许多争论。     

淡水水体溶解有机氮对有毒藻种的生物有效性

溶解有机氮(Dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)是多数天然水体中溶解氮的主要组成部分。天然水体DON是许多微生命体包括有毒藻种的氮营养源,在供水安全以及水体富营养化等方面的生态环境效应不容忽视。文章系统地介绍了淡水水体DON含量与来源、生物有效性与估算方法,以及对有毒藻种生长的影响。DON的来源是影响水体中DON含量动态特征的关键因素。DON来源包括陆地径流,植物碎屑,土壤淋溶液,沉积物释放,大气沉降,藻类、大型植物、细菌与细胞死亡或自我分解,微型及大型浮游动物捕食和排泄、分泌物释放等。研究表明约有12%～72%的DON可迅速被生物所利用,具显著差异,究其原因可能是其来源组成、化学本质(分子质量与极性)、测试生物组成、是否有细菌作用等因素造成的。不同藻种具有不同氮源利用能力,DON对藻类生长具有直接或间接的作用,并可能影响藻类群落结构(有毒藻类成为优势种)。考虑到水环境保护与饮用水安全供水的重要性,未来研究应重视淡水水体DON生物有效性与其化学本质的揭示,尤其是对有毒藻种。     

海水水质基准的研究方法与我国海水水质基准的构建(Methods of Deriving Marine Water Quality Criterion and Proposal for Establishment of National Marine Water Quality Criterion in China)

海水水质基准是制定相关海水水质标准的科学依据.论文概要介绍了美国、欧盟和荷兰等发达国家的海水水质基准研究方法体系,给出了关键计算模式、数据要求和定值方法.结合当前我国在海水水质基准研究方面的现状,借鉴国外水质基准研究经验,对我国海水水质基准的研究方法提出了构想,以期为我国开展海水水质基准的研究提供新思路.     

国家海洋公园选址研究——以大连长山群岛为例

借鉴国际相关理论研究及实践成果,以大连长山群岛为例,在综合考虑区域生态、经济、社会等因素的基础上,借助GIS空间分析技术,通过影响因子、空间结构、适宜性等多方面综合分析国家海洋公园的选址位置、范围大小及功能分区。结果表明,公园核心区的最优地址为乌蟒岛菜坨子,面积约为1 689.25 km²,结合长山群岛的自然特征,充分考虑海洋生物的分布状况、繁殖、生长规律,以及有利于生态保护与科研教育,并减少对当地生产影响等因素,将公园划分为:核心区、缓冲区、实验区、游憩区以及一般利用区等5个功能区,并提出了相应的功能分区目的及功能。     

Seven years from the first application of polyaluminium chloride in the Czech Republic – effects on phytoplankton communities in three water bodies

This study determines the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride application on phytoplankton species as a consequence of five reservoir restorations in the Czech Republic during the years 2005 and 2008, including the first ever large-scale application. Although polyaluminium chloride has been used in water treatment plants across the world, information about its application toward cyanobacterial blooms in nature is poor. Although the application of polyaluminium chloride did not cause any fundamental long-term changes in the composition of phytoplankton species or phosphorus load, instead causing fast and acute removal of the phytoplankton community, it may act as an algicidal compound with fast removal efficiency. All treated water bodies described in our study remained unaffected by cyanobacterial blooms and the hygienic limit for the purposes of recreation was not exceeded in any particular season. This article should serve as notice of the advantages and disadvantages of polyaluminium chloride application, and also warn against the uniform usage of this chemical as a method of reducing phytoplankton species in all types of water bodies where cyanobacteria are present. Moreover, data about the effects on non-target (invertebrates) species and microcystin release from cyanobacterial cells are also mentioned.     

Effects of ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA) on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum

We investigated the effects of ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA) on growth of the marine diatom algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) and Skeletonema costatum (S. costatum). Growth of P. tricornutum was significantly inhibited by the minimum concentration (3.5 mmol·L ^?1) of EMA at lower initial algal densities (IADs) (3.6×10⁴ and 3.3×10⁵ cells·mL ^?1). However, at the highest IAD, significant growth inhibition was found at above 7 mmol·L ^?1 of EMA exposure. In S. costatum, EMA concentrations of 10.5 mmol·L ^?1 or more significantly inhibited growth at lower IAD (3×10⁴ and 1.8×10⁵ cells·mL ^?1); at the highest IAD, only EMA concentrations above 14 mmol·L ^?1 obviously inhibited the growth of S. costatum. Changes in specific growth rates and pigment were consistent with algal growth, but only at higher EMA concentrations or lower IAD values was the ratio of chlorophyll a (Chla) to carotenoid significantly lower than the control. Medium effective concentration (EC ₅₀) values were in the order 4.07, 8.03 and 12.27 mmol·L ^?1 for P. tricornutum and 7.48, 11.92 and 17.22 mmol·L ^?1 for S. costatum. All these results show that the effect of EMA on the growth of algae was species specific and mainly depended on IAD, which might be an important factor to influence algal growth.