藻类的三维荧光光谱辨别及算法研究

采用三维荧光技术分析了栅藻,微囊藻和小环藻的色素组成.通过对3种藻的特殊激发谱线的分析,采用435,485,525,630nm作为叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素c与藻蓝胆素的特征激发波长,采用684nm作为发射波长,建立了3种藻叶绿素浓度与藻密度的荧光强度矩阵方程.根据水样的标准荧光光谱和4个激发波长可以计算出每种藻类的叶绿素浓度与藻密度.     

90年代中国海洋开发前景展望

中国是一个沿海大国,海洋开发对于中国的经济和社会发展具有十分重要的作用。因此,90年代中国将更加重视海洋资源的开发利用,主要海洋产业的产值在国民经济中的比重可能由1.7％提高到3％左右。     

磁性离子交换树脂对原水中有机物去除效能的研究

采用磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)预处理原水中有机物的中试试验结果表明,MIEX技术可有效地去除原水中的有机物,对UV254,DOC和CODMn的去除率分别稳定在82%、66%和50%,MIEX预处理可以有效强化混凝沉淀对有机物、藻细胞和浊度的去除.与常规工艺相比,在混凝剂聚合氯化铝投加量降低56%时,该工艺对UV254和CODMn的去除率分别为90%和71%,对藻细胞数和浊度的去除率分别为99%和95%.对溶解性有机物分级和分子量分布的测定表明,MIEX预处理主要去除混凝沉淀无法有效去除的小分子区间的亲水性和疏水性有机物,可以有效控制消毒副产物的产生,MIEX预处理与混凝沉淀联用工艺出水的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)比原水降低了88%和87%.     

Al-Zn-In系牺牲阳极在间浸环境中的性能研究

目的探究4种常用Al-Zn-In系牺牲阳极(Al-Zn-In、Al-Zn-In-Cd、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn)在海水间浸环境中的电化学性能。方法采用恒电流法对4种阳极的开路电位、工作电位、实际电容量、电流效率及溶解形貌等进行研究,并结合电化学阻抗谱、动电位极化曲线等方法进行分析。结果在间浸环境中,Al-Zn-In、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn的电流效率均在88.92%以上,3种阳极的工作电位在-0.96~-1.10 V波动,能满足碳钢在间浸环境中的保护需要。Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn阳极溶解形貌均匀,Al-Zn-In和Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti阳极溶解形貌略差。Al-Zn-In-Cd阳极电流效率仅为80.95%,工作电位在-0.93~-1.10 V波动,溶解形貌不均匀,电化学性能最差。研究发现,Al-Zn-In-Cd阳极表面附着的腐蚀产物多次在空气环境中脱水,并形成壳层,导致电位正移,阻碍阳极的进一步活化。结论在间浸环境中,4种阳极的电化学性能由好到差依次为Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn阳极、Al-Zn-In阳极、Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti阳极、Al-Zn-In-Cd阳极,前3种阳极适用于间浸环境中海洋结构物的阴极保护。     

固定化藻类的生理特征和对染料的脱色能力研究

利用海藻酸钙对蛋白核小球藻进行了固定,比较了固定化藻和悬浮态藻的生长和生理特征,优化了固定条件,利用扫描电子显微镜对藻的形态及其在固定化载体中的分布进行了观察,并对其降解染料能力进行了初步研究.固定化提高了藻的生长和合成代谢活性.选择藻珠粒径为2.5mm,藻初始密度为200×104cell/mL,通入含2%CO2的空气为最佳条件.没通CO2气体的藻在载体中的分裂生长受到限制,藻细胞个体增大,藻在载体中分布不均;通入CO2气体的藻生长和代谢均大大提高,且个体大小恢复正常,藻在载体中分布均匀,对固定化藻降解染料的初步研究表明,固定化藻比悬浮态藻对染料有更佳的降解脱色能力,而通入CO2气体更有利于提高对染料的脱色率.     

Marine environmental quality, pollution monitoring and environmental management

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Crossing Invisible Boundaries: the Effectiveness of the Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area as a Harvest Refuge for a Migratory Fish Species in South Africa

Abstract:  The application of no-take areas in fisheries remains controversial. Critics argue that many targeted species are too mobile to benefit from area protection and that no-take areas are only appropriate for resident species. The degree of protection does not depend on the size of the no-take area but rather on the time fish reside inside its boundaries during key life-history events (i.e., spawning) and during periods of peak fishing activity. We evaluated the potential of a small no-take marine protected area (MPA) inside a coastal embayment as a harvest refuge for a mobile, possibly migratory, long-lived fish species. We used acoustic telemetry to track movements of 30 transmitter-tagged white stumpnose (Rhabdosargus globiceps) across and on both sides of the boundary of a small (34 km²) no-take area over a full year. Being landlocked on 3 sides, the location of the MPA inside the lagoon made it practical to detect all boundary crossings and to calculate the time individual fish used the MPA. We detected frequent movements across the boundary, with strong seasonal and individual variations. There were significant differences in MPA use patterns between fish from different release areas. The time spent in the MPA by individual fish during summer (mean 50%; max 98%) was out of proportion with the size of that area (4% of total habitat). Summer coincided with peak recreational fishing activity and with the spawning season of this species. The small MPA provided a refuge for a part of the spawning stock of white stumpnose. Our findings suggest that if strategically placed, a small no-take area can be effective in protecting mobile species and that models of spillover from no-take areas should account for seasonal and individual variation in area use and the spatiotemporal distribution of fish and fishers.     

Should We Protect the Strong or the Weak? Risk,Resilience, and the Selection of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract: It is thought that recovery of marine habitats from uncontrollable disturbance may be faster in marine reserves than in unprotected habitats. But which marine habitats should be protected, those areas at greatest risk or those at least risk? We first defined this problem mathematically for 2 alternate conservation objectives. We then analytically solved this problem for both objectives and determined under which conditions each of the different protection strategies was optimal. If the conservation objective was to maximize the chance of having at least 1 healthy site, then the best strategy was protection of the site at lowest risk. On the other hand, if the goal was to maximize the expected number of healthy sites, the optimal strategy was more complex. If protected sites were likely to spend a significant amount of time in a degraded state, then it was best to protect low‐risk sites. Alternatively, if most areas were generally healthy then, counterintuitively, it was best to protect sites at higher risk. We applied these strategies to a situation of cyclone disturbance of coral reefs on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. With regard to the risk of cyclone disturbance, the optimal reef to protect differed dramatically, depending on the expected speed of reef recovery of both protected and unprotected reefs. An adequate consideration of risk is fundamental to all conservation actions and can indicate surprising routes to conservation success.     

Comparing and Integrating Community-Based and Science-Based Approaches to Prioritizing Marine Areas for Protection

Abstract:  We compared and integrated marine protected areas proposed through community and scientific assessments in 2 regions of British Columbia, Canada. The community priorities were identified during individual and group interviews with knowledgeable resource users. The scientific priorities were developed with abiotic and biotic data in Marxan, a decision-support tool. The resulting maps of community-based and science-based priorities were very similar for the inshore areas, which lent credibility to both approaches. The resource users thought the science-based maps were fairly good at highlighting areas important for conservation, but preferred the scenarios that integrated the 2 maps to either constituent map. Incorporating spatial variation in human impacts on the marine areas and commercial fishing, which are both costs of protection, into our Marxan analyses led to scenarios that were different from either constituent map. Our results show the value of integrating community-based and science-based approaches in conservation planning to achieve community acceptance and conservation utility. They also reveal that people's assessments on the basis of their traditional ecological knowledge may serve as a reasonable proxy for scientific approaches in selecting areas of ecological value.     

近岸海洋沾污沉积物中石油烃类化合物释放过程的实验室研究 Ⅰ.实验室动态模拟研究

通过实验室动态模拟实验，研究了在不同固／液比例、溶出温度、搅拌强度、沉积物的粒度等条件下，近岸海洋沾污沉积物中石油烃类化合物的释放过程。研究结果表明，石油烃类化合物的溶出浓度与参与溶出过程的固／液相比例成正比：当固液相比例为１／８时，可在３０ｍｉｎ之内确定溶出／吸附过程的动态平衡点。沉积物中石油烃类物质向海水中的释放，在１０ｍｉｎ之内，可基本达到最大初始浓度；未经处理的新鲜沉积物样品较烘干研磨样品，更利于油类的释放。溶出温度的升高及剧烈的反应条件，有利于沉积物中石油烃类物质向海水中的释放。沉积物的组成颗粒愈细，释放的初始浓度愈高。