酸性氯化铜蚀刻废液一步沉淀法制备碱式碳酸铜

以酸性氯化铜蚀刻废液为原料,在Na₂CO₃和助剂A存在下,采用一步沉淀法制备碱式碳酸铜。考察了反应pH、n（Na₂CO₃）∶n（助剂A）、反应时间和反应温度对碱式碳酸铜制备效果的影响,并采用XRD、TG 及SEM对产品进行了表征。实验结果表明：在反应pH 7.0、沉淀剂配比n（Na₂CO₃）∶n（助剂A）=1∶2、反应时间1.0 h、反应温度70 ℃的条件下,产品的w（Cu²⁺）达55.62%,w（Cl^-）为0.013%,符合HG/T 4825—2015《工业碱式碳酸铜》的要求;蚀刻废液中Cu²⁺的回收率接近100%。表征结果表明,制得的产品为单一组分CuCO₃·Cu（OH）₂,小颗粒为直径1.8~5.4 μm的不规则球形,团聚后的大颗粒呈姜块状形貌,粒径为48~75 μm。     

Assessing the current state of ecological connectivity in a large marine protected area system

The establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) is a critical step in ensuring the continued persistence of marine biodiversity. Although the area protected in MPAs is growing, the movement of individuals (or larvae) among MPAs, termed connectivity, has only recently been included as an objective of many MPAs. As such, assessing connectivity is often neglected or oversimplified in the planning process. For promoting population persistence, it is important to ensure that protected areas in a system are functionally connected through dispersal or adult movement. We devised a multi-species model of larval dispersal for the Australian marine environment to evaluate how much local scale connectivity is protected in MPAs and determine whether the extensive system of MPAs truly functions as a network. We focused on non-migratory species with simplified larval behaviors (i.e., passive larval dispersal) (e.g., no explicit vertical migration) as an illustration. Of all the MPAs analyzed (approximately 2.7 million km²), outside the Great Barrier Reef and Ningaloo Reef, <50% of MPAs (46-80% of total MPA area depending on the species considered) were functionally connected. Our results suggest that Australia's MPA system cannot be referred to as a single network, but rather a collection of numerous smaller networks delineated by natural breaks in the connectivity of reef habitat. Depending on the dispersal capacity of the taxa of interest, there may be between 25 and 47 individual ecological networks distributed across the Australian marine environment. The need to first assess the underlying natural connectivity of a study system prior to implementing new MPAs represents a key research priority for strategically enlarging MPA networks. Our findings highlight the benefits of integrating multi-species connectivity into conservation planning to identify opportunities to better incorporate connectivity into the design of MPA systems and thus to increase their capacity to support long-term, sustainable biodiversity outcomes.     

利用矿化垃圾层预防和控制渗滤液导排系统堵塞

在卫生填埋场中,垃圾渗滤液导排系统堵塞普遍存在,悬浮固体形成的物理堵塞、有机物降解和金属离子沉淀导致的生物-化学堵塞是引起导排系统堵塞的关键因素.本文构建了"矿化垃圾+砾石层导排"的渗滤液下渗装置,通过矿化垃圾预处理渗滤液中悬浮固体和有机物以控制导排系统发生的物理和生物-化学堵塞.结果表明,在矿化垃圾层,渗滤液中化学需氧量(COD)和悬浮固体(SS)去除较多,去除率分别达到了85%和87%,并且Ca²⁺浓度也出现了波动较大的现象;然而,渗滤液在砾石层下渗过程中,其COD、SS和Ca²⁺浓度保持稳定.并且,砾石层可排水孔隙率在长期运行的过程中没有明显变化,表明渗滤液在砾石导排层没有形成明显的沉淀.与此同时,在没有添加矿化垃圾的对照组发现,砾石层可排水孔隙率减少最多的区段是渗滤液的进水点位(可排水孔隙率减少达到了53%),即渗滤液有机负荷最大处的饱和砾石层堵塞最为严重,其无机堵塞物主要是碳酸钙等.因此,在渗滤液流入砾石层前,采用矿化垃圾层部分饱和的方式对渗滤液中有机物和悬浮固体进行预处理,可以预防和控制渗滤液在砾石层形成沉淀堵塞.研究为填埋场的运行管理渗滤液导排系统堵塞提供了新的思路和方法.     

Biodegradation of N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamate and its utilization as sole source of carbon,nitrogen, and energy by a Rhizobium radiobacter strain in seawater

Biodegradation of N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamate and its utilization by micro-organisms in marine environments were studied in Organization of Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD) screening tests and with pure bacterial cultures. Biodegradation in excess of 60% was achieved in closed bottle tests in less than 60 days, suggesting complete degradation. The bacterial strain isolated from marine sandy sediment and utilizing N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamate as sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy was identified as Rhizobium radiobacter. The strain was capable to mineralize N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamate in seawater and in synthetic media containing 0–60 g L^?1 sea salts. Growth and adaptation studies indicated that N-carboxymethyl-L-glutamate and L-glutamate are main metabolites.     

农田灰钙土中有机质和碳酸钙对Zn吸附-解吸行为的影响

采用序批平衡法,研究了Zn在去除有机质及去除碳酸钙前后灰钙土的吸附-解吸行为.结果表明,在试验土壤中吸附量均随着加入Zn浓度的增加而增加,且去碳酸钙土对Zn吸附固定能力明显低于灰钙土,即有机质对灰钙土Zn的吸附影响小于碳酸钙;去有机质及去碳酸钙前后灰钙土对Zn的吸附过程不适合用 Langmuir方程描述,而 Freundlich方程能够很好地拟合,调整后的决定系数R2￠均大于0.90,达到极显著水平(P<0.01);去除有机质和碳酸钙后灰钙土对Zn的解吸率都升高,且灰钙土去碳酸钙后解吸率略高于去有机质;去除有机质及碳酸钙前后灰钙土的解吸量均随吸附量的升高而升高,且去碳酸钙土解吸量最大,去有机质土次之,灰钙土最小;土壤有机质和碳酸钙对Zn均有较强的络合吸附效应,能有效降低Zn的迁移活性,从而促进吸附,抑制解吸.     

碳酸盐体系中pH对Cu2+诱导结晶过程的影响

在流化床中,以含Cu2+废水为处理对象,考察了碳酸盐体系中pH的改变对Cu2+诱导结晶过程的影响. 结果表明:当进水ρ(Cu2+)为200 mg/L、沉淀剂pH为10.2时,经回流系统拦截,微晶产率可降低0.5%~1.0%,Cu2+的去除率可达99.0%以上. 经XRD(X射线衍射)分析表明,结晶产物以碱式碳酸铜为主,晶型呈短杆状,尺寸较为均一;当沉淀剂pH升至12.2时,Cu2+的去除率降至95.0%,系统出水结晶产物晶型特征不明显,尺寸不均,XRD结果显示为氢氧化铜、碱式碳酸铜、碳酸钙等混合结晶产物,晶体衍射峰多存在宽化现象,表明高pH下结晶产物晶化程度较低.      

基于国内水泥生产现状的碳排放因子测算

水泥生产过程中碳排放因子的测算是计算水泥碳排放量的基础,为了准确测算我国水泥行业熟料煅烧阶段碳酸盐矿物分解释放CO2的碳排放因子,就需要对水泥生产线上相关样品做成分测定和综合分析.通过对国内近百条代表性较强的水泥生产线上的生料、熟料、水泥、石灰石、燃煤等样品进行钙、镁、烧失量、碳酸盐等化学成分的定量分析,并考虑新型干法窑和立窑两种生产工艺类型的差别,分析测算了基于国内水泥生产的工艺碳排放因子.结果表明:生料碳酸盐法测算碳排放因子的结果较熟料法的结果低约10kgCO2/tcl;不同窑型的碳排放因子存在明显差异,新型干法窑的碳排放因子多集中在500~520kgCO2/tcl,立窑碳排放因子多集中在480~500kgCO2/tcl;多数熟料含有少量碳酸盐.生料碳酸盐法不涉及燃煤灰分的化学成分,可以规避燃煤灰分成分的影响,测算碳排放因子采用生料碳酸盐法较准确,并且应基于不同窑型,同时考虑碳酸盐分解率问题.     

Determination of polychlorinated biphenyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon marine regional Sediment Quality Guidelines within the European Water Framework Directive

Marine regional Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the Basque coast (SE Bay of Biscay) were determined, on the basis of sediment chemistry, toxicity and benthic community disturbance from analysis of 756 estuarine and coastal samples. The SQG were calculated using a percentile approach (based upon effect and non-effect data), using non-normalised and normalised concentration, by total organic carbon. However, normalisation by total organic carbon did not result in any improvement in accuracy compared with non-normalised values. Hence, this study proposes non-normalised SQG values for assessment of the chemical and physicochemical status in marine waters in the Basque Country, within the Water Framework Directive: 24.6–29 μg kg^?1 for total PCBs; 164–285 μg kg^?1 for low molecular weight PAH; 922–1537 μg kg^?1 for high molecular weight PAH; and 1607–2617 μg kg^?1 for total PAH.     

汞在海洋浮游植物中的生物累积和毒性效应

浮游植物是海洋生态系统的主要初级生产者,同时作为食物也是许多水生生物摄取汞的主要途径。本文综述了近年来汞在海洋浮游植物中的最新研究进展,包括汞在浮游植物中的吸收、累积规律及其影响因素,汞对浮游植物的毒性效应(生长抑制、光合作用影响)以及生物的适应机制(汞的还原、螯合解毒、矿化固定等),最后对浮游植物中汞累积和毒性的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响与防治对策

分析了石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响,提出了预防泄漏措施.