Exposure of Marine Mammals to Genotoxic Environmental Contaminants: Application of the 32P-Postlabeling Assay for Measuring DNA-Xenobiotic Adducts♯

There is little information on exposure of marine mammals to genotoxic environmental contaminants. The 32P-postlabeling assay has been successfully used to assess exposure to genotoxic polycyclic aromatic compounds in fish and humans. In the present study, a preliminary investigation showed that polycyclic aromatic compound-like DNA adducts were present in hepatic tissues of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) exposed to petroleum following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. However, for marine mammals, effects from changes in tissue condition on DNA recovery and quality is of concern, because tissue samples are often collected from animals that have been dead for unknown periods of time. To assess the effects of postmortem thermal history on DNA recovery from tissue and on DNA adduct quantitation, samples of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) hepatic tissue were incubated for up to 10 d at 4 and 30 °C. Only traces (<4 g) of hepatic DNA were recovered from 200 mg of tissue after incubation at 30 °C for 36 h. At 4 °C, DNA (50–130 g) was recovered from tissue incubated for up to 6 d; whereas DNA recovery at 10 d was minimal. Chromatograms of 32P-labeled DNA digests of liver tissue held at 4 and 30 °C and salmon sperm DNA held at 30 °C for 2 d had comparable profiles, suggesting that alteration of DNA bases had occurred during incubation of porpoise liver tissue. Moreover, the chromatograms of DNA extracted from liver tissues of harbor porpoises caught incidentally in a northwest Atlantic fishery, packed in ice and sampled several days later also exhibited similar altered DNA structures. Although, altered DNA structures that can interfere with the DNA adduct quantitation were present in autolyzed tissue, changes in the 32P-postlabeling chromatography conditions can decrease the interference. Moreover, in a study with tissues taken from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) immediately postmortem and stored at –80 °C until processing, DNA structures associated with tissue breakdown were not observed. The DNA from sea lions, however, had putative age-dependent hepatic DNA modifications, which have a distinctive profile, and must be considered when evaluating exposure of marine mammals to polycyclic aromatic compounds. Overall, the findings showed that with attention to the postmortem thermal history of the tissue samples hepatic DNA adducts, as measured by 32P-postlabeling, have the potential to serve as a biological indicator of exposure of marine mammals to environmental genotoxic compounds.     

海上石油泄漏事故危害及其应急处理

系统地综述了海上石油泄漏的来源、危害、应急处理措施以及海上和海岸线石油污染的处理技术。目前海上石油泄漏处理技术仍以传统方法为主,因此,如何更加快速地制定和实施海上石油泄漏的应急处理对策,以及开发海上石油污染治理的新技术并进行推广应用,将是今后工作的重点。     

某高速船用齿轮箱油泵连接套失效机理研究

目的掌握工作油泵连接套微观运行机理,增加齿轮箱的可靠性。方法从齿轮箱系统角度,对工作油泵连接套的结构进行分析,从齿轮箱动态运行、连接套微观磨损等方面的失效机理进行深入研究。结果通过分析和验证,机带泵端面键的间隙范围在0.05~1.5 mm左右为最佳,长期运行后端面的磨损程度可通过增加端面键硬度和润滑、减少齿轮箱的轴系扰动等措施减缓与控制。由于本齿轮箱的结构特点,端面键的寿命在1.5万小时内。在此基础上,对齿轮箱中连接套与油泵的连接方式进行了优化,在油泵的一端采用渐开线花键连接,可有效减小其磨损程度。结论某高速船用齿轮箱油泵连接套失效是由端面键的间隙、端面键动态运转时蠕动磨损、齿轮箱的轴系扰动等引起的,可通过合理设计端面键的间隙、增加端面键硬度和润滑,减小轴系扰动或优化为渐开线花键等措施预防。     

一株产黑色素海洋细菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

从山东近岸海域海水中分离得到一株产黑色素细菌Sl,通过对S1菌株的菌落形态观察、生理生化性质检验及16SrDNA序列测定,初步鉴定为明亮发光杆菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum).为了提高S1菌株黑色素产量,采用单因素实验设计对S1菌株进行发酵条件优化,结果表明当发酵条件为L-酪氨酸0.75 g/...     

一株产黑褐色色素海洋放线菌的研究

从舟山群岛潮间带海域中分离到一批产色素的海洋放线菌,用滤纸片法进行抑菌试验,并对目标菌株进行鉴定,然后对其所产色素进行粗提,测色素的最大吸收波长,研究理化因子对其影响.结果表明筛选到产黑褐色色素的菌株B2,其对Vibrio parahaemolyticus和Escherichia coli具有较好的抑制作用,色素初步研...     

海洋沉积物甲烷厌氧氧化及其影响因子研究进展

海洋沉积物CH4厌氧氧化是当前生物地球化学循环研究的热点和焦点,为了进一步加深学者们对CH4厌氧氧化的理解,本文以海洋沉积环境为例,综述了CH4厌氧氧化过程及其影响因子的最新研究进展,在系统介绍CH4厌氧氧化过程的基础上,重点对CH4厌氧氧化的机制以及微生物、底物和温度等对CH4厌氧氧化的调控作用进行了阐述,并展望了C...     

石油运输对我国海洋污染的分析与对策

随着现代石油化工业的快速发展,我国进口原油不断增加,船舶石油运输污染事故的频繁发生给我国沿海水域生态环境及国家、人民财产和人身健康带来了巨大的威胁。分析影响中国海上石油运输污染防治管理的主要因素,提出了石油运输防污染管理建议和对策。     

环境因子对舰载机金属构件维修检查间隔期的影响

结合金属构件腐蚀的影响因素和原理,定义了海洋环境因子;研究了海洋环境对舰载机金属构件维修检查间隔期的影响,并通过例证对舰载机金属构件的维修检查间隔期进行了调整,为舰载机在海洋环境下金属构件的维修决策提供了可靠的依据.     

广西钦州湾近岸海域“十一·五”期间营养盐变化趋势分析及污染控制重点

通过2006年-2010年N、P、Si数据分析广西钦州湾海域N、P、Si的变化趋势、富营养化状况以及限制因子。分析表明:钦州外湾DIN、DIP、SiO3-Si含量呈波浪形变化并有所下降,钦州外湾2006年-2010年均为贫营养,外湾海水水质良好。茅尾海DIN值含量较高,海域受到N的影响。茅尾海2006年-2010年为轻度～中度富营养。茅尾海属于磷中等限制富营养,磷酸盐仅表现为相对不足,仍然有爆发赤潮的危险。控制茅尾海富营养化的关键在于控制磷的入海量。     

乌江干支流河水中U元素的地球化学特征

本研究对乌江流域河水U浓度进行了测定,系统讨论了乌江流域干支流河水中U的元素地球化学特征,并对其主要来源进行了辨析。研究结果显示,乌江河水中溶解态U的平均浓度约为0.504μg/L,比世界河流平均水平0.186μg/L及长江平均含量0.45μg/L高,但是低于黄河U含量4.86μg/L,同时也低于世界平均海水U浓度3.3μg/L。来源分析显示,乌江河水中的U主要来源于碳酸盐岩风化,尤其是白云岩的风化,对U行为有决定性的控制作用,说明了在海洋沉积成岩过程中生物作用过程对U行为的重要性。蒸发岩和硅酸盐等的风化过程对乌江河水U的贡献不大。和十年前相比,人类活动对流域河水U的影响明显增加。