海洋高技术发展及其对海洋生态环境影响的案例分析与政策研究

本文描述了海洋高技术的兴起与进展、海洋采矿对生态环境影响的案例分析。６０年代以来，海洋高技术最重要的成就是深海采矿，根据当前发展动态看，深海石油和采矿技术仍是海洋高技术的主要方向，而海洋生物技术也是最有前景的高技术领域之一。对油船触礁造成的漏油事故案例分析指出海洋高技术对海洋生态环境的影响主要表现如下：１．对海洋生物资源的危害。首先，在油污染事件的短期内大量海鸟和海兽被杀死；其次，长期累积在经济鱼类内的有害物质通过食物链进入人体而对人体健康产生危害。２．对海滨环境的影响。如破坏海滨浴场水质。为了避免各种海洋高技术对海洋生态环境的影响，介绍了几点政策建议。     

Long-range transport potential of semivolatile organic chemicals in coupled air-water systems

Ongoing deliberations on the regulation of semivolatile organic chemicals require the assessment of chemical transport in atmospheric and marine systems. The characteristic travel distance was proposed as a measure for the transport potential in air and water. However, the existing definition treats the transport processes separately. It is shown that combined transport in coupled air-ocean systems can accelerate the overall transport into remote regions. Concentration ratios in air and water change with distance from sources depending on the initial concentration ratio and on the difference between the transport velocities. A measure is suggested facilitating the chemical screening with respect to transport potentials in such air-ocean systems. A case study for alpha and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane shows that the suggested measure qualitatively reveals the transport potentials of these chemicals and exemplifies possible concentration patterns.     

Land-based sources of marine pollution: organochlorine pesticides in stream systems

BACKGROUND: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been dispersed ubiquitously in the environment. Bottom sediments act as sinks for these compounds and their concentrations often reflect the degree of anthropogenic pollution. This study was designed to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of OCPs in superficial streambed sediments and their relation to land use in two creeks that contribute to the coastal pollution of the southeastern region of Argentina. METHODS: Sampling sites were selected by a combination of land use and stream type. Las Brusquitas creek, which passes through vast agricultural areas, and La Tapera creek which originates in a natural wetland and passes through horticultural farming and urban areas. OCPs quantification was carried out by GC-ECD. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results showed similar total OCP concentrations in sediments from both creeks in the range of 6-25 ng/g dry wt. However, when OCPs were expressed in ng/g total organic carbon (TOC), La Tapera creek presented 4-fold higher total levels as a consequence of a higher OCP input during the recent past in that watershed. La Tapera outfall showed 4-fold higher levels than that seen in Las Brusquitas, although both values were below the sediment quality criteria demanded to protect wildlife. Sigmaendosulfans, sigmaDDTs and sigmachlordanes were the main OCP group in all samples, with Endosulfan sulfate being the most frequent and abundant compound. The predominance of metabolites with respect to parent compounds suggests a contamination mainly by runoff from aged and weathered agricultural soils. CONCLUSIONS: Despite OCPs being banned, they still exist in creek sediments from the studied region, representing continuous contributions of land-based source contaminants to the marine environment. OUTLOOK: Future research on OCP levels in suspended sediments is recommended in order to determine the total OCP concentrations in the selected stream systems.     

Marine macroalgae in polar regions as natural sources for volatile organohalogens

Marine macroalgae species from the polar regions were investigated for their importance as natural sources of volatile halogenated compounds released into the biosphere. Several different halogenated C1 to C4 hydrocarbons were identified and their release rates determined. The compounds contained mainly bromine and iodine, and form was the dominant compound released. Although an annual atmospheric input of approximately 10(8)-10(10) g bromine and 10(7)-10(8) g iodine was calculated from the release rates, marine macroalgae are apparently not the major source on a global scale, as the release is up to four orders of magnitude lower than a presumed annual flow from the oceans. Despite this, macroalgae may be more important on a local scale due to their occurrence at a high biomass in the coastal regions. The present paper gives an overview about studies done on the release of volatile halocarbons by macroalgae from polar regions. Furthermore, the function of these compounds in the macroalgal metabolism is discussed.     

大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus Pectinirostris)作为放射性核素指示物的研究

以大弹涂鱼为对象,模拟其两栖生活的环境,采用示踪法并用S-80智能多道分析器与Ge(Li)探头研究了大弹涂鱼的整体及其组织器官对¹³⁷Cs、¹³⁴Cs、⁶⁵Zn、⁶⁰Co的富集与排出.探讨了其积累量、残留量与海水中核素浓度的相关性,推荐性腺、肌肉、头部作为监测海洋中¹³⁷Cs、¹³⁴Cs、⁶⁵Zn、⁶⁰Co污染的生物指示物.     

Cd2、Hg2+、Cr6+和pb2对黑点青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)早期生活阶段的毒性效应研究

近岸海域重金属污染不容乐观,作为“一种潜在的海洋模式鱼种”黑点青鳉(marine medaka,Oryzias maelastigma)对不同重金属胁迫的响应水平却鲜有报道.为探究并比较海水鱼种黑点青鳉早期生活阶段对Cd2+、Hg2+、Cr6 +和pb2 +等不同重金属胁迫的响应,在实验室通过半静态方式,对黑点青鳉受精...     

中国海洋生态毒理学研究中的毒性测试生物

自20世纪70年代末,中国海洋生态毒理学萌芽发展,基于生态毒理学的剂量-反应原理开始利用海洋生物开展污染物毒性测试,以评估污染物对于海洋生物及海洋生态系统的影响.21世纪以来,应用于毒性测试的海洋生物物种变得更为广泛且多样,常用的海洋生物包括海洋藻类、原生动物、轮虫动物、环节动物、软体动物、棘皮动物、节肢动物、头索动物和海洋鱼类等.这些受试生物已用在多种海洋污染物的毒理学研究上,为海洋污染物的生态风险评估及海水水质基准的制定提供科学基础.浅述近年来中国海洋生态毒理学研究中毒性测试生物的应用情况,特别对其中常用的6种（类）海洋模式生物,包括中肋骨条藻、扇形游仆虫、牡蛎（多种）、海胆（多种）、日本虎斑猛水蚤和海洋青鳉鱼在毒性测试上的应用展开较为具体的介绍.     

Breaking through the Crisis in Marine Conservation and Management: Insights from the Philosophies of Ed Ricketts

Abstract:  Over the last decade, 2 major U.S. commissions on ocean policy and a wide range of independent sources have argued that ocean ecosystems are in a period of crisis and that current policies are inadequate to prevent further ecological damage. These sources have advocated ecosystem-based management as an approach to address conservation issues in the oceans, but managers remain uncertain as to how to implement ecosystem-based approaches in the real world. We argue that the philosophies of Edward F. Ricketts, a mid-20th-century marine ecologist, offer a framework and clear guidance for taking an ecosystem approach to marine conservation. Ricketts' philosophies, which were grounded in basic observations of natural history, espoused building a holistic picture of the natural world, including the influence of humans, through repeated observation. This approach, when applied to conservation, grounds management in what is observable in nature, encourages early action in the face of uncertainty, and supports an adaptive approach to management as new information becomes available. Ricketts' philosophy of "breaking through," which focuses on getting beyond crisis and conflict through honest debate of different parties' needs (rather than forcing compromise of differing positions), emphasizes the social dimension of natural resource management. New observational technologies, long-term ecological data sets, and especially advances in the social sciences made available since Ricketts' time greatly enhance the utility of Ricketts' philosophy of marine conservation.     

我国的海洋污染防治对策初探

我国海洋污染状况日益引起各界人士的关注。本文在对我国海洋污染与破坏的现状及原因进行分析的基础上,提出了我国海洋污染防治应采取的对策。     

The environmental state at sea

Seas and oceans are confronted with a plethora of environmental problems, caused by land-based activities (agriculture, industries, and ports) and by maritime activities (such as shipping, fishing, oil and gas drilling, tourism, and navigational dredging). Environmental problems at sea challenge the efficacy of state sovereignty. Who is responsible, accountable, and regulates environmental and spatial problems at the level of regional seas, and what is the role of states in these processes of governance? In the regional seas and on the high seas, the environmental state is challenged by two developments: states become players at different levels, and states are confronted with the activities of big market players where they have no or little jurisdiction. The different forms of the environmental state in Europe’s regional seas and in the Arctic Ocean are examined.