我国渔民收入影响因素分析

海洋捕捞和海水养殖是影响渔民收入的两个重要因素。本文以渔民收入的影响因素海洋捕捞、海水养殖的变动趋势为切入点,分析了渔民收入增长趋缓原因,得出目前海洋捕捞得不偿失应着力发展海水养殖。而海水养殖中严重海洋环境问题赤潮给渔民带来重大经济损失,影响了渔民收入增长。     

海上救援便携式海水淡化装置设计

设计了一种适用于海上救援的便携式海水淡化装置,由制水模块、供能模块、自动控制模块及辅助模块构成,产水量为3 L/d,可满足1人每天所需水量。制水模块采用"AGMD+DCMD"膜蒸馏工艺实现海水淡化,设置预处理工艺保护膜元件;对系统进行了能量核算,利用太阳能板及蓄电池供能,可提供3.6(k W·h)/d电能,保障设备稳定运行;利用PLC及传感器、指示灯等元件,通过制定控制策略、设计控制程序,对装置运行过程进行实时监控,实现一键化自动运行。将各模块有机集成为海上救援海水淡化装置,达到紧凑、重量轻、密封性好、便于海陆携带、操作简单的目的。     

关于近岸海域生态环境监测技术体系的探讨

在近岸海域环境管理从污染控制管理发展为生态环境综合管理的情况下,厘清近岸海域生态环境监测技术体系并加以完善十分必要。通过对中国环境监测和管理发展的梳理得出,中国近岸海域生态环境监测技术体系在生态环境、污染和损害等方面已有一定的基础;研究国内外环境监测和管理的发展趋势发现,中国近岸海域生态环境监测技术体系在河口区域、生态恢复力、风险源、灾害、海域使用影响、湿地损害、生物入侵、环境风险源方面需要不断完善,质量保证和质量控制方面也需要加强。     

A novel method to make regenerable core-shell calcium-based sorbents

A sorbent having a calcium oxide core and a clay shell was prepared and shown to be capable of reusable applications in absorption and desorption processes for carbon dioxide. The novelty of this sorbent is that only calcium carbonate and clay are used for its preparation with water as a binder. A two-step granulation procedure is used to get the core and then another step to coat the shell layer with the clay powder. A repeated wet-and-dry procedure probably makes the core porous yet strong enough to serve as a sorbent. The pellet is then calcined at 1200 degrees C for 2h to reach its final structure. The core-shell pellets have an overall diameter of 4.4mm with average shell thickness of 0.45 mm, crush load of 35 N and attrition index of 0.035 wt%/h. These results indicate that the pellets will probably be capable of withstanding the stress in future applications. Carbon dioxide absorption at or below 300 degrees C showed a maximum weight gain of 38% for our pellets. Finally, desorption in nitrogen at 800 degrees C can restore the pellet to its original state and hence it is ready for re-use as a sorbent.     

Post-combustion CO2-capture from coal-fired power plants: Preliminary evaluation of an integrated chemical absorption process with piperazine-promoted potassium carbonate

The simulation tool ASPEN Plus^® is used to model the full CO₂-capture process for chemical absorption of CO₂ by piperazine-promoted potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃/PZ) and the subsequent CO₂-compression train. Sensitivity analysis of lean loading, desorber pressure and CO₂-capture rate are performed for various solvent compositions to evaluate the optimal process parameters. EbsilonProfessional^® is used to model a 600 MW_el (gross) hard coal-fired power plant. Numerical equations for power losses due to steam extraction for solvent regeneration are derived from simulation runs. The results of the simulation campaigns are used to find the process parameters that show the lowest specific power loss. Subsequently, absorber and desorber columns are dimensioned to evaluate investment costs for these main components of the CO₂-capture process. Regeneration heat duty, net efficiency losses and column investment costs are then compared to the reference case of CO₂-capture by monoethanolamine (MEA).CO₂-capture by piperazine-promoted potassium carbonate with subsequent CO₂-compression to 110 bar shows energetic advantages over the reference process which uses MEA. Additionally, investment costs for the main components in the CO₂-capture process (absorber and desorber columns) are lower due to the enhanced reaction kinetics of the investigated K₂CO₃/PZ solvent which leads to smaller component sizes.     

海洋石油污染处理方法优化配置

溢油是石油进入海洋的主要方式之一,如何对溢油事故进行有效的预防和处理成为有效预防海洋污染、保护海洋环境的重要举措。文章从三个方面介绍了如何进行溢油防治,并对溢油处理措施进行了详细说明,论证了不同海面状况下各种处理方法的优化组合,并以辽河油田浅海石油开发公司导管架平台溢油事故为例进行了说明。     

Viable chemical recycling of poly(carbonate) as a phosgene equivalent illustrated by the coproduction of bisphenol A and carbohydrate carbonates

Chemical recycling of waste poly(carbonate) (PC) to coproduce bisphenol A (BPA) and carbohydrate carbonates was studied by selecting glycerol (Gly) and glucose (Glu) as model carbohydrates (CHs). In advance of the reaction of PC with CHs, reactions with diphenyl carbonate were examined as a model PC. In dioxane at 100°C using NaOH as catalyst, Gly was converted to cyclic carbonate hydroxymethyldioxolane (HMDO) at 98% and Glu was converted to the dicarbonate (Glu-DC) at 46%, in pyridine, in addition to the production of phenol. Similar treatment of PC with Gly using KOH as a catalyst produced HMDO and BPA at very high yields and treatment with Glu produced Glu-DC and BPA in 38%–42% yields. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

以废弃磷石膏为原料水热合成碳酸钙晶须的研究

以废弃磷石膏为钙源水热合成碳酸钙晶须,研究了不同反应前驱物和添加剂对碳酸钙样品晶形的影响,利用奥林巴斯显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM)观察晶体形貌,并用X衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(FTIR)对样品进行了表征。实验结果表明,采用柠檬酸钠为添加剂,在反应时间12 h,反应温度120℃,柠檬酸钠浓度2％的工艺条件下,可制得晶须长度约为50～120 μm、长径比为40～100∶1、大小相对均匀的文石型碳酸钙晶须。同时,实验还制得了形貌独特的稻草捆状和竹叶状碳酸钙晶体。     

Holocene dynamics of invertebrate fauna in the littoral zone of Adak,the Aleutian Islands,according to archaeozoological data

Studies on invertebrate remains from the cultural layer of an ancient Aleut settlement on Adak Island have shown that the faunistic composition of invertebrates in the study area had not changed significantly during the Late Holocene. The traditional mode of natural resource use by the ancient Aleuts had no impact on the abundance of valuable species and biodiversity in general. Changes in the temperature regime were found to have taken place in the history of deposit formation. The period from the 8th to the mid-11th century was relatively cold. Climate warming took place between the mid-11th and the mid-12th centuries and between the mid-16th and the 19th centuries, with an intervening cooling period (from the mid-12th to the mid-16th century). This cooling was most distinct between the 15th and the mid-16th centuries.     

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, other than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the responsible persons to protect the national interests are also very necessary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include： determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the legal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in accordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.