海洋环境腐蚀模拟试验装置的优化设计与研制

本文介绍了基于GB/T 19746—2005/ISO 11130:1999等材料腐蚀性能试验标准的试验装置设计要求以及试验装置的主要组成。重点是添加了温度控制系统,优化了潮差控制系统,模拟了海洋波浪。本试验装置是一种结构简单、能够较真实模拟海洋环境腐蚀的试验装置。该试验装置研制成功,为研究海洋用材料的腐蚀行为与机理提供重要的技术设备支持。     

从珠江口可持续发展看深圳市污水排海工程的建设

城市污水海洋处置越来越受到人们的重视 ,但近海海域的污染也日益严重 ,如何按照可持续发展的要求科学利用海洋环境是摆在我们面前的严峻课题。本文介绍了深圳市污水排海工程在建设过程中根据海洋环境的状况不断进行完善 ,以满足可持续发展要求的做法     

两种海洋硅藻对生源要素N、P浓度变化的响应

近年来大量废水排放导致生源要素N、P成为近海重要污染物之一,本文研究了两种海洋硅藻对培养液中生源要素N或P浓度变化的响应.结果发现:中肋骨条藻在NO3-N浓度为3.0～600 mg/L、三角褐指藻在NO3-N浓度为8.0～600 mg/L时,都能保持旺盛的生长;相比而言,中肋骨条藻在PO4-P浓度为0.6～20 mg/L的实验组生长较好,而三角褐指藻在0.6～10 mg/L的实验组生长较好.实验发现PO4-P浓度过高或过低都不利于两种海洋硅藻的种群增殖.本实验结果表明两种海洋硅藻都具很强的适应高浓度NO3-N的能力,与之相比,PO4-P浓度对控制硅藻种群的增殖起着非常重要的作用.本实验结果也表明:关于N、P对海洋硅藻生长的影响,除了考虑N/P比外,N、P浓度阈值也是一个不容忽视的问题.     

海洋倾倒导致生态环境变化实例研究

以青岛海洋倾倒区为例,研究海洋倾倒导致的海洋生态环境变化.根据1985～2003年对青岛海洋倾倒区及附近海域的调查资料,研究倾倒引起的海水水质、沉积物和生物种群的变化.结果表明,20世纪90年代海洋倾倒导致海水水质和底质沉积物受到一定程度污染,其它时段环境质量状况较好,这主要与倾倒的疏浚物中所含污染物有关.海洋倾倒导致生物种群结构发生了较大变化,浮游植物的许多优势种已不复存在,底栖生物尤其是多毛类的生物种类、生物量已经有了较大的降低.     

Exposure of Marine Mammals to Genotoxic Environmental Contaminants: Application of the 32P-Postlabeling Assay for Measuring DNA-Xenobiotic Adducts♯

There is little information on exposure of marine mammals to genotoxic environmental contaminants. The 32P-postlabeling assay has been successfully used to assess exposure to genotoxic polycyclic aromatic compounds in fish and humans. In the present study, a preliminary investigation showed that polycyclic aromatic compound-like DNA adducts were present in hepatic tissues of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) exposed to petroleum following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. However, for marine mammals, effects from changes in tissue condition on DNA recovery and quality is of concern, because tissue samples are often collected from animals that have been dead for unknown periods of time. To assess the effects of postmortem thermal history on DNA recovery from tissue and on DNA adduct quantitation, samples of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) hepatic tissue were incubated for up to 10 d at 4 and 30 °C. Only traces (<4 g) of hepatic DNA were recovered from 200 mg of tissue after incubation at 30 °C for 36 h. At 4 °C, DNA (50–130 g) was recovered from tissue incubated for up to 6 d; whereas DNA recovery at 10 d was minimal. Chromatograms of 32P-labeled DNA digests of liver tissue held at 4 and 30 °C and salmon sperm DNA held at 30 °C for 2 d had comparable profiles, suggesting that alteration of DNA bases had occurred during incubation of porpoise liver tissue. Moreover, the chromatograms of DNA extracted from liver tissues of harbor porpoises caught incidentally in a northwest Atlantic fishery, packed in ice and sampled several days later also exhibited similar altered DNA structures. Although, altered DNA structures that can interfere with the DNA adduct quantitation were present in autolyzed tissue, changes in the 32P-postlabeling chromatography conditions can decrease the interference. Moreover, in a study with tissues taken from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) immediately postmortem and stored at –80 °C until processing, DNA structures associated with tissue breakdown were not observed. The DNA from sea lions, however, had putative age-dependent hepatic DNA modifications, which have a distinctive profile, and must be considered when evaluating exposure of marine mammals to polycyclic aromatic compounds. Overall, the findings showed that with attention to the postmortem thermal history of the tissue samples hepatic DNA adducts, as measured by 32P-postlabeling, have the potential to serve as a biological indicator of exposure of marine mammals to environmental genotoxic compounds.     

Effects of seascape connectivity on reserve performance along exposed coastlines

Seascape connectivity (landscape connectivity in the sea) can modify reserve performance in low-energy marine ecosystems (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass), but it is not clear whether similar spatial linkages also shape reserve effectiveness on high-energy, exposed coastlines. We used the surf zones of ocean beaches in eastern Australia as a model system to test how seascape connectivity and reserve attributes combine to shape conservation outcomes. Spatial patterns in fish assemblages were measured using baited remote underwater video stations in 12 marine reserves and 15 fished beaches across 2000 km of exposed coastline. Reserve performance was shaped by both the characteristics of reserves and the spatial properties of the coastal seascapes in which reserves were embedded. Number of fish species and abundance of harvested fishes were highest in surf-zone reserves that encompassed >1.5 km of the surf zone; were located < 100 m to rocky headlands; and included pocket beaches in a heterogeneous seascape. Conservation outcomes for exposed coastlines may, therefore, be enhanced by prioritizing sufficiently large areas of seascapes that are strongly linked to abutting complementary habitats. Our findings have broader implications for coastal conservation planning. Empirical data to describe how the ecological features of high-energy shorelines influence conservation outcomes are lacking, and we suggest that seascape connectivity may have similar ecological effects on reserve performance on both sheltered and exposed coastlines.     

广东省重点海洋高新技术产业化的选择与培育研究

海洋高新技术产业化不仅能够推动海洋产业优化升级,促进海洋经济的可持续发展,还可以提高海洋公益事业的服务水平,因此对广东省海洋高新技术产业化发展的选择与培育进行研究意义重大.依据海洋高新技术产业化发展的技术要求、市场需求规模、产业集群化程度和可持续发展能力等标准,构建了海洋高新技术产业化发展的政府推动、龙头企业带动、名牌企业嫁接和集群化产业园等培育模式,同时提出了相应的保障性措施.     

海洋环境承载力与生态补偿关系研究

21世纪是海洋的世纪,随着陆地资源的日渐耗竭,海洋资源的开发又成为新一轮的竞赛活动。本文以渤海为例,运用海域承载力与生态补偿2种理论探讨了在资源与环境成为制约经济发展两大瓶颈的条件下,如何在获取最大利益的同时保持海洋可持续发展,以期为海洋开发利用提供决策支撑。     

一致性沉积物质量基准（CBSQGs）及其在近海沉积物环境质量评价中的应用

基于结合几种单个沉积物质量基准的一致性沉积物质量基准（Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines,CBSQGs）,以毒性效应预测准确度高、普适性强等优点近几年来逐渐发展成为主要的沉积物质量评价工具之一.本文阐述了CBSQGs的构建原理,分析了其评价结果的可靠性以及方法的优劣....     

不同类型酸对石灰岩的模拟腐蚀实验

硫酸和硝酸是酸雨中腐蚀石灰岩的主要成分,以不同pH值（4．0、5．6）和流量（6mL·min^-1、30mL·min^-1。）的硫酸、硝酸及混酸溶液对石灰岩进行淋溶处理,通过测定溶液中pH值变化,ca^2＋离子浓度变化,重量损失变化,研究酸类型对石灰岩腐蚀的影响．结果表明,酸雨对石灰岩的腐蚀是物理冲刷和化学溶蚀共同作用...