Integrating larval connectivity into the marine conservation decision-making process across spatial scales

Larval dispersal connectivity is typically integrated into spatial conservation decisions at regional or national scales, but implementing agencies struggle with translating these methods to local scales. We used larval dispersal connectivity at regional (hundreds of kilometers) and local (tens of kilometers) scales to aid in design of networks of no-take reserves in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. We used Marxan with Connectivity informed by biophysical larval dispersal models and remotely sensed coral reef habitat data to design marine reserve networks for 4 commercially important reef species across the region. We complemented regional spatial prioritization with decision trees that combined network-based connectivity metrics and habitat quality to design reserve boundaries locally. Decision trees were used in consensus-based workshops with stakeholders to qualitatively assess site desirability, and Marxan was used to identify areas for subsequent network expansion. Priority areas for protection and expected benefits differed among species, with little overlap in reserve network solutions. Because reef quality varied considerably across reefs, we suggest reef degradation must inform the interpretation of larval dispersal patterns and the conservation benefits achievable from protecting reefs. Our methods can be readily applied by conservation practitioners, in this region and elsewhere, to integrate connectivity data across multiple spatial scales.     

实海环境下钢壳混凝土结构局部电位监测与参比电极稳定性研究

目的 确定高纯锌、钛以及铂等3种参比电极在不同工况下的稳定性差异,以及不同参比电极针对沉管的最佳使用位置。方法 以银/氯化银参比电极的监测电位数据为钢壳的实际电位基准,通过在不同区域设计安装电位传感器,持续监测沉管不同区域的钢壳电位,以及9个多月的波动情况。结果 高纯锌参比电极所监测数据的变化趋势与钢壳实际电位数据接近,且环境介质的改变对其监测电位数值的影响不大,电位数据波动小。铂和钛参比电极在钢壳底面海泥/抛石耦合的服役环境下,其监测电位数据稳定,但是二者在海水中监测电位时,对环境介质中的溶解氧浓度、金属离子等氧化性介质较为敏感,极易受到氧化性介质的影响,导致测得的电位偏移剧烈。结论 高纯锌参比电极更适合应用于沉管侧面阴极保护电位的长期监测,铂和钛参比电极更适用于钢壳底部保护电位的长期测量。     

氧化改性活性炭纤维吸附材料制备及其性能研究

目的 以不同浓度的双氧水溶液对活性炭纤维进行氧化改性,制备SO₂、NOx腐蚀气氛吸附材料。方法采用红外光谱、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等表征方式,揭示双氧水改性对活性炭纤维孔隙结构、表面物理化学性质、吸附性能的影响,并将装有吸附材料的防护包装贮存于湿热海洋气候环境中,验证腐蚀气氛控制效果。结果 双氧水改性活性炭纤维后,其表面官能团未发生变化,比表面积先减小、后增大。改性后,活性炭纤维表面活性位点有所增加,对应的吸附性能显著增加,30%双氧水改性活性炭纤维对SO₂、NO₂、NO的饱和吸附量分别为100、153、128 mg/g,与改性前相比,分别提高了67%、180%、137%。应用吸附材料的防护包装内部腐蚀气氛浓度在3个月内几乎为0。结论 双氧水改性活性炭纤维具有良好的腐蚀气氛吸附性能,在长贮微环境中具有良好应用前景。     

海工装备系泊缆索拉力监测技术与装置研究

目的 研究缆索拉力的实时监测技术和装置,以保障海工装备的系泊安全。方法 以导向滑轮的主承力构件滑轮轴为研究对象,在保证结构强度的前提下,对滑轮轴结构进行改造,研制缆索拉力监测新结构新装置,将求解大径长比滑轮轴剪力问题转化为测量局部特征点的单向变形,并通过实尺度试验得到标定系数,间接推算缆索拉力,将试验数据与有限元计算结果进行对比,验证监测方法的可行性和精确度。结果 经过仿真分析与试验标定表明,滑轮轴特征点的变形与缆索拉力之间存在线性关系,以缆索拉力280 kN为界,可分段线性拟合缆索拉力标定系数,测点1系数为0.312 4和0.137 6,测点2系数为0.2699和0.098 2。结论 本文研究的监测技术和装置能够较为准确地监测海工装备系泊缆索的实时拉力,兼具高可靠性、低成本、易实施的特点。     

金属材料实验室加速腐蚀环境谱等效加速关系的确定方法

目的 解决现有实验室加速环境谱等效加速关系确定方法的不足。方法 提出一种针对航空金属材料实验室加速腐蚀环境谱与实际大气间等效关系的“双桥连接式”快速确定方法。结果 该方法以金属材料在腐蚀环境下的质量损失情况作为腐蚀当量,通过基于“环境因素加权浓缩”的方法编制实验室加速环境谱、基于“电量（电流）等效桥”获得实际大气环境长年累积腐蚀电量、基于“质量损失等效桥”确定等效加速关系3个步骤,计算获得了实际大气长年监测数据对应的材料累积腐蚀电荷量和腐蚀质量损失大小。通过将金属材料在实际大气下和实验室加速环境下的腐蚀质量损失速率相比,获得了金属材料的等效加速关系。结论 该方法能够有效克服现有研究中由于缺少实地长时间大气暴晒件,以及当量参数选取不当引入误差,导致无法获取实验室加速腐蚀环境谱和实际大气环境间等效加速关系（或当量加速关系）的不足,为金属材料实验室加速腐蚀试验提供了方法支撑。     

基于DFR的2024-T3铝合金当量加速关系试验研究

目的 提出以反映结构材料疲劳性能的DFR为表征参量,研究建立2024-T3铝合金结构在大气自然环境预腐蚀与实验室加速试验预腐蚀后的DFR关系,为腐蚀环境下飞机铝合金结构的疲劳寿命设计提供方法。方法 以2024-T3铝合金试验件为研究对象,分别开展典型海洋大气环境自然暴露腐蚀后的DFR试验以及实验室加速腐蚀试验后的DFR试验,以DFR相等为条件,建立上述2种不同预腐蚀条件之间的DFR当量加速关系。结果 2024-T3铝合金在自然暴露预腐蚀环境与实验室加速预腐蚀后的DFR值随腐蚀时间的增加均有不同程度的下降,万宁和青岛的DFR当量加速值分别为0.642 1、0.701 2 a/d。结论 基于DFR的当量加速关系综合反映了预腐蚀对结构材料疲劳性能退化的影响,而DFR是飞机结构疲劳设计的基本参量,文中建立的当量加速关系可用于指导腐蚀环境下铝合金的疲劳寿命设计分析。     

试论山东省海洋资源及其可持续利用

本文简要阐述了山东省海洋资源的基本状况 ,针对开发利用中存在的问题 ,提出了海洋资源可持续利用应遵循的原则和对策措施     

Assessment of Benthic Infaunal Condition on the Mainland Shelf of Southern California

Benthic infauna were sampled from 251 Southern California Bight (SCB) mainland shelf sites in the summer of 1994. Sample sites were selected using a stratified random design, with the primary strata being depth zone, geography, and proximity to point and non-point discharges. Benthic infaunal condition was assessed using the Benthic Response Index (BRI), and by comparing dominant taxa and community parameters (e.g., number of taxa) among strata. Ninety-one percent of sediments in the SCB were found to contain healthy benthic communities. Most stations with altered benthos were located near river mouths, in Santa Monica Bay, or on the Palos Verdes Shelf. Deviations at sites with altered benthic communities were mostly limited to minor changes in species composition, rather than to large declines in diversity or abundance.     

用废杂铜制备碱式碳酸铜

以废杂铜为原料,用稀硝酸浸出硝酸铜溶液,与碳酸氢钠反应得到碱式碳酸铜粗品,漂洗后得到高纯度碱式碳酸铜。实验结果表明,废杂铜与质量分数为30％的硝酸反应,开始比较平缓,后期反应剧烈,有少量红棕色的NO：生成,采用碱液吸收方式处理生成的NO：可减少其对大气的污染。碳酸氢钠与硝酸铜进行合成反应,反应温度50～80℃,反应液pH6．5～7．0,产品中铜的质量分数为55％-56％,产品质量较好。     

Legal measures to reduce marine environmental risks of seawater desalination in China

Seawater desalination has become the focus of many countries to solve the problem of lacking freshwater resources. Seawater desalination in China launched in the 1960s and has developed rapidly since entering into the 21st Century. However, the technology of seawater desalination causes marine environmental pollution. After exploring the regulatory framework and legal system of reducing environmental risks of seawater desalination in China, it can be found that the existing regulatory framework and legal system have played a positive role in the treatment of seawater desalination, but it is undeniable that there are still many problems. How to effectively prevent or reduce the marine environment risks caused by seawater desalination and improve the existing regulatory framework and legal system in China are discussed. Specifically, in addition to further improve the Marine Environmental Protection Law, China shall integrate seawater desalination into unified regulation of marine resources, clarify statutory functions of various regulatory departments, improve the coordination mechanism, and promote marine environment and ecology protection by institutional construction.