海滨核电建造期可剥涂层的临时防护性能研究

目的 考察可剥涂层在海洋大气环境下的大型工程建造中的临时防护作用。方法 对来自两个厂家的可剥涂层进行了为期12周的耐候性试验,对可剥涂层在不锈钢及碳钢/环氧两种基底上的可剥离性、防护性和氟氯残留量进行了测试。结果 两个厂家的涂层在外观、耐蚀性、附着力等方面的试验结果没有明显差异,涂层的剥离强度均低于0.05 kN/m,涂层剥离后不锈钢表面的氟氯离子残留量远低于15 ?g/dm2,试验周期内环氧漆色差变化较小。结论 两个厂家的可剥涂层在光泽、硬度和剥离强度等测试方面的结果上存在差异,但对环氧漆均有着较好的防护作用,试验期内剥离性良好,且无有害化学元素残留,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

海洋工程用新型牺牲阳极设计与性能研究(Ⅴ)——导管架平台阴极保护设计探讨

目的 针对不同设计使用年限的导管架平台,通过对比新型阳极和常规阳极用量来评价新型阳极的优势和不足。方法 针对设计寿命15年和30年的导管架平台,计算满足不同阶段保护电流需求的新型阳极和常规阳极的需求量。结果 当导管架平台设计年限较短,比如15年,牺牲阳极用量由初期保护电流需求量决定,新型阳极的使用可以达到节约阳极用量的目的。当设计年限较长,比如30年,牺牲阳极用量则由维持电流需求量决定,采用新型阳极并不能节约阳极用量。结论 并非所有设计年限的导管架平台使用新型阳极都能达到节约用量的目的,具体要根据实际计算结果而定。     

Trace Element Contaminants in Sediments From the Noaa National Status and Trends Programme Compared to Data From Throughout the World

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Status and Trends (NS&T) Programme has analyzed samples of surface sediment collected at almost 300 coastal and estuarine sites throughout the United States since 1984. the overall distributions for concentrations of each element are approximately lognormal allowing a definition of geometric means and of “high” concentrations as those exceeding the mean plus one standard deviation of the lognormal distribution. Those mean and “high” concentrations should be useful for comparing the NS&T data set and with other reports on sediment contamination. A world-wide data set, constructed from data in the literature, was summarized in an identical manner. It was found, after excluding locally extreme values, that the NS&T and world-wide data sets yielded very similar mean and “high” concentrations for Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Chromium was the sole element showing higher summary statistics in the NS&T data set, a result attributed to NS&T sampling in areas of naturally (not contaminated) elevated Cr content. It remains undetermined, however, why the world-wide data set, even with exclusion of “hot spots”, yielded higher means and “highs” for Cd, Hg, As, and Ag.     

The Effects of Ocean Disposal of Sewage Sludge On the Relative Abundance of Benthic Megafauna

Disposal of sewage sludge in the New York Bight Apex (12-Mile Dump Site) ceased at the end of December 1987. Previous efforts to quantify the effects of sludge were hindered by the inability to obtain true replication. the cessation of dumping afforded the opportunity to apply the technique of replication in time, also known as a Before/After, Control/Impact design. Conditionally, this method allows one to separate treatment effects from the natural differences that confound many environmental impact studies. the Environmental Processes Division of the Northeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service sampled the benthic environment of the New York Bight Apex from June 1986 through September 1989 using a sample design based on the technique of replication in time.

Three dominant species (rock crab, Cancer irroratus; little skate; Raja erinacea; and winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and total demersal finfish, collected by otter trawl, showed no statistically significant response to the cessation of disposal. American lobster (Homarus americanus) increased in local abundance, but this result was possibly confounded by a change in fishing effort.     

南黄海东部海域浮游生态系统要素季节变化的模拟研究

利用海洋生态系统动力学垂直一维物理-生物耦合模式模拟研究了南黄海东部海域浮游生态系统要素垂直分布的季节变化.物理亚模型为一维POM模式(Princeton Ocean Model),基于文献结果对垂直混合系数Kh和Km进行了调整;生态亚模型为ERSEM模式(European Regional Sea Ecosystem Model),主要考虑浮游植物、浮游动物、细菌、底栖碎屑和营养盐(氮、磷、硅)等状态变量.模拟结果表明,浮游植物出现一年双峰的态势和夏季次表层叶绿素最大值的现象,春、秋季水华期间,表层叶绿素峰值分别为3.25 mg/m3和0.71 mg/m3.浮游动物和细菌在春季水华后表层出现峰值,分别为143.6 mg C/m3和23.55 mg C/m3.硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐的垂直分布均在5-11月呈现表层浓度低、底层浓度高的分布.通过计算碳通量可以看出,在春、夏季,浮游植物对无机碳的摄取量分别为58.944 g C·m-2·quarter-1和68.276 g C·m-2·quarter-1,高于细菌对非生命有机碳的摄取.在冬季,细菌对非生命有机碳的摄取超过浮游植物对无机碳的摄取量.浮游动物在冬季主要摄食细菌,占71%;春、夏季主要摄食浮游植物,可达67.5%.浮游植物对碳的释放主要是以DOC的形式,约占90%.     

Impact of anions on the heavy metals release from marine sediments

Marine sediments from Lianshan Bay in Huludao, China, were studied in laboratory. A series of simulated experiments were carried out to investigate the influences of three kinds of anions CL^-, SO4^2- and HCO3^- on the release ofCd, Pb, Cu and Zn from the sediments. The results showed that the sequences about the impact of the three anions were Cl^-〉HCO3^-〉SO4^2＋. The release potential of heavy metals in the presence of each anions was in the following order： Cd≥Cu 〉Zn≈Pb. The correlations were positive between CI content and the quantity of Cd released from the marine sediment, whereas there was no significant relationship between CI content and amount of Cu and Zn released. For SO4^2- and HCO3^-, the release of the heavy metals from marine sediments was not obvious.     

重型柴油车车载排放实测与加载影响研究

采用车载排放测试仪,对2辆重型柴油卡车在空载和加载条件下进行实际道路车载排放测试.通过分析获得了油耗与排放速率的速度-加速度及其工况点的分布,发现高油耗与高排放工况点主要集中在高速加速区域,加载时油耗与排放高值随工况点分布更广;车辆在(30±2.5)km·h^-1等速及加速行驶时受加载影响最大,此时加载油耗与排放约是空载的1.6～3.2倍左右;由实测结果发现,卡车Ⅰ和卡车Ⅱ加载时油耗及CO、HC、NO_x排放因子分别是空载的1.6倍、3.5倍、1.1倍、1.5倍以及1.2倍、1.0倍、0.9倍和1.5倍,加载对油耗与NO_x排放影响最为明显,对HC影响最小,CO影响取决于车辆保养水平;卡车Ⅱ较卡车Ⅰ车型更大,发动机功率更高,相同荷载时受加载影响较小,说明重型车在发动机负荷可承受的范围内合理装载,有助于避免油耗与排放恶化,提高燃油经济性和排放水平.     

公交柴油车道路排放特征的实测研究初探

利用GPS和SEMTECH-D车载排放测试仪测量了上海市公交车行驶工况和公交柴油车在市区道路上的排放状况.该研究共获得193400组公交车行驶工况数据,累计测量里程820 km,排放数据75420个.测量结果显示,上海市公交车平均车行速度14 km·h-1,最高车速为60 km·h-1;市区公交车平均车行速度14 km·h-1,最高车速小于60 km·h-1,市区公交车的怠速时间比在25%以上.被测公交柴油车的CO、THC和NOx平均里程排放因子为(3.41±0.86)、(1.95±0.47)和(4.56±0.99) g·km-1,与陈长虹等人2005年提供的卡车3和卡车5的排放状况相近.测量结果还显示,被测车辆进出站时单位里程排放量是正常行驶条件下的10倍.此外,在交通高峰期或拥堵期,车行速度降低至0～5 km·h-1时,被测公交柴油车的CO、THC和NOx平均里程排放因子升高至17.49、6.68和15.85 g·km-1,是平均车速时候的5.13倍、3.4倍和3.48倍,车辆排放污染将明显加剧.测量结果说明,加强城市交通管理,减少车辆拥堵,不仅可以提高公交车运行效率,而且也是降低公交车污染的有效措施.     

海洋沉积物中的天然气水合物与海底滑坡

天然气水合物是一种由天然气和水形成的类似冰状的固体物质 ,主要存在于在低温高压背景下的海底沉积物和陆地永久冻土地带中。赋存于海底沉积物中的天然气水合物虽然本身能作为准稳定的胶结物对海底有建造作用 ,但由于其稳定性对特定温度和压力的严格依赖 ,海平面的下降、海底的连续沉积、地震等自然因素以及海洋钻探等人为因素造成的海底温压条件的改变会引起其分解 ,从而使海底沉积物失稳甚至导致海底滑坡。本文详细介绍了海底天然气水合物分解导致滑坡的机制、实例以及该种海底滑坡体的特征 ,并对以后的研究进行了展望     

[HPMo][OTAC]2/SiO2的制备及其催化柴油氧化脱硫的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同负载量的[HPMo][OTAC]2/SiO2,通过红外光谱、比表面积和孔结构分析对[HPMo][OTAC]2/SiO2进行表征,考察负载量、催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对模拟柴油脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,掺杂后的催化剂保持了Keggin结构,[HPMo][OTAC]2/SiO2在最佳反应条件下,苯并噻吩的脱除率达到48.3%,二苯并噻吩的脱除率达到67.2%。