Ag/AgCl海洋电场探测电极研究进展

针对目前广泛应用于海洋电场传感器中的全固态粉压型Ag/AgCl电极对的极差稳定时间长,无法满足快速部署、实时探测这一要求,系统阐述了Ag/AgCl海洋电场探测电极的性能要求和制备工艺方法,对比了制备工艺的优缺点。综述了Ag/AgCl海洋电场探测电极的制备工艺优化以及改性方法,论述了近些年国内外关于Ag/AgCl电极改性的研究进展,并对Ag/AgCl海洋电场探测电极未来的研究与发展趋势进行了展望。     

The Indian Ocean tsunami and private donations to NGOs

Non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) are widely believed to raise their flag in humanitarian hotspots with a strong media presence in order to attract higher private donations. We assess this hypothesis by comparing the changes in donations between US‐based NGOs with and without aid operations in the four countries most affected by the tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004. Simple before‐after comparisons tend to support the hypothesis that ‘flying the flag’ helps attract higher private donations. However, performing a difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences (DDD) approach, we find only weak indications that private donors systematically and strongly preferred NGOs with operations in the region. Extended specifications of the baseline regressions reveal that our major findings are robust. NGO heterogeneity matters in some respects, but the DDD results hold when accounting for proxies of the NGOs’ reputation and experience.     

SBR法处理高盐度海产品加工废水

采用SBR工艺对高盐度海产品加工废水进行了试验研究,结果表明,海产品加工废水中氯离子浓度不超过10000mg/L的情况下,采用具有一定耐盐度冲击负荷能力的SBR工艺是可行的;当进水中COD_(Cr)浓度为700～1000mg/L、NH4+-N浓度为80～120mg/L、[Cl-]≤8000mg/L的情况下,出水COD_(Cr)、NH3-N去除率分别为77.9%～81.2%、69.5%～76.6%,当进水中氯离子浓度继续增加,系统受盐度的影响加剧,处理效果变差。     

可剥性气相防锈涂料在海洋环境中的防锈实验研究

研制了一种可剥性气相防锈涂料,主要以乙烯基高分子树脂和环氧树脂为成膜物质,另还有复合型油溶性气相缓蚀剂、稳定剂、增韧剂、抗氧剂和混合有机溶剂等。该涂料能够在常温下快速成膜,所形成的涂层具有优良的柔韧性能、耐冲击强度、气相防锈性能和可大面积地进行剥离性能。针对4种不同的海洋环境进行了实际的防锈性能实验,结果表明该涂料短期内可以在海洋环境下对金属进行防锈。     

河流与海洋溶解有机物荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱的测定

通过对河流与海洋现场样品、微藻培养液和牛血清蛋白溶液的实验,确定了HITACHI F-4500型荧光分光光度计的测定河流和海洋溶解有机物荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱的激发和发射通带分别为5 nm和10 nm,波长扫描速度为12 000 nm/min,标准偏差在0.6%~8%。     

中国海洋生态保护制度的演进逻辑、互补需求及改革路径

海洋生态问题本质上是制度问题。中国海洋生态保护制度经历了从无到有、从少到多的发展过程,但多种复杂制度之间是否能够形成治理合力,制度缺失、制度无效和制度冲突等问题是否存在,尚有待进一步解答。为此,文章在梳理中国海洋生态保护制度演进逻辑的基础上,基于制度互补视角挖掘现有制度的互补空间,探究查缺补漏、规范修正和协调统筹的制度改革路径,以期推动海洋生态保护制度“从多到优”的有效过渡。中国海洋生态保护制度的演进可分为初步建立、稳步推进和改革转型三个阶段,呈现出从陆海分割到陆海一体化治理、从政府单一主体监管到多元主体协同治理、从标准规范到法律保障的趋势特征。制度需求引致与制度供给滞后、制度成本制约与制度收益驱动之间的联动关系是推动海洋生态保护制度演进的内在动因。海洋生态保护是一项跨区域、跨部门的复杂系统性工程,不同生态保护制度之间的联动耦合至关重要。立足制度互补理论视角,中国海洋生态保护制度在保护主体、保护手段和保护过程三个层面均存在较大的互补需求,其中保护主体单一的问题主要因制度缺失导致,保护手段的低效主要受到制度适应性不足的影响,而保护过程的割裂主要反映了制度不协调、不匹配的矛盾。基于此,未来中国海洋生态保护制度的补充应围绕政府职责梳理和多元主体参与建设,制度的修正重点在于进一步完善市场激励、信息公开等非政府机制,制度的协调则要实现立足事前、事中和事后全过程,推动政策工具的有效衔接配合。     

台风对我国农业的影响及防御对策

由于所处的独特和复杂的地理环境,我国是一个自然灾害多发的国家,其中台风灾害是主要的自然灾害之一。从台风对我国农业生产利弊的两方断进行了分析,在弊端方面,分析了从1950年至今台风造成的农作物受灾情况、引发的病虫害和导致的农田耕地污染;在有利方面,分析了台风带来的降水对旱情的缓解作用。最后,针对我国农业生产的特点以及台风自身的规律和特征,提出了“防御先行,防抗结合”的农业防台风策略。     

Climate change and disaster management

Climate change, although a natural phenomenon, is accelerated by human activities. Disaster policy response to climate change is dependent on a number of factors, such as readiness to accept the reality of climate change, institutions and capacity, as well as willingness to embed climate change risk assessment and management in development strategies. These conditions do not yet exist universally. A focus that neglects to enhance capacity-building and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks. Reducing vulnerability is a key aspect of reducing climate change risk. To do so requires a new approach to climate change risk and a change in institutional structures and relationships. A focus on development that neglects to enhance governance and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks.     

Disaster risk, climate change and international development: scope for, and challenges to, integration

Reducing losses to weather-related disasters, meeting the Millennium Development Goals and wider human development objectives, and implementing a successful response to climate change are aims that can only be accomplished if they are undertaken in an integrated manner. Currently, policy responses to address each of these independently may be redundant or, at worst, conflicting. We believe that this conflict can be attributed primarily to a lack of interaction and institutional overlap among the three communities of practice. Differences in language, method and political relevance may also contribute to the intellectual divide. Thus, this paper seeks to review the theoretical and policy linkages among disaster risk reduction, climate change and development. It finds that not only does action within one realm affect capacity for action in the others, but also that there is much that can be learnt and shared between realms in order to ensure a move towards a path of integrated and more sustainable development.     

城市控规单元防灾能力评价的有向加权图模型研究

为从城市具体规划建设的视角进行防灾能力评价,找到城市空间与设施的防灾薄弱环节,提升城市的防灾减灾能力,首先,在深入分析城市抗灾-救灾理念的基础上,从抗灾能力和救灾能力2个方面,建立适用于控制性详细规划层面的防灾能力评价指标体系;其次,基于防灾能力评价指标体系构建城市防灾有向加权图模型,通过PageRank算法对用地单元防灾能力值进行排序,实现防灾减灾能力的定量评价;最后,通过某市规划实例检验评价模型,针对控规单元的防灾问题提出规划提升措施。研究结果表明：所构建模型能够实现对各控规单元的防灾能力等级评价,反映城市控规单元防灾能力的分布情况,发现用地单元规划建设中的防灾减灾问题。