Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - Principles and Purposes -

A voluntary programme on risk assessment for chlorinated chemicals was initiated by Euro Chlor (the European Chlorine Producers Federation). The study was targeted on the marine environment, starting with the North Sea, and the methodology used was based on the European Union risk assessment principles. Details of the method used are described in this paper. A first set of five compounds is published in this special issue: chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene.     

台风对我国农业的影响及防御对策

由于所处的独特和复杂的地理环境,我国是一个自然灾害多发的国家,其中台风灾害是主要的自然灾害之一。从台风对我国农业生产利弊的两方断进行了分析,在弊端方面,分析了从1950年至今台风造成的农作物受灾情况、引发的病虫害和导致的农田耕地污染;在有利方面,分析了台风带来的降水对旱情的缓解作用。最后,针对我国农业生产的特点以及台风自身的规律和特征,提出了“防御先行,防抗结合”的农业防台风策略。     

Climate change and disaster management

Climate change, although a natural phenomenon, is accelerated by human activities. Disaster policy response to climate change is dependent on a number of factors, such as readiness to accept the reality of climate change, institutions and capacity, as well as willingness to embed climate change risk assessment and management in development strategies. These conditions do not yet exist universally. A focus that neglects to enhance capacity-building and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks. Reducing vulnerability is a key aspect of reducing climate change risk. To do so requires a new approach to climate change risk and a change in institutional structures and relationships. A focus on development that neglects to enhance governance and resilience as a prerequisite for managing climate change risks will, in all likelihood, do little to reduce vulnerability to those risks.     

Disaster risk, climate change and international development: scope for, and challenges to, integration

Reducing losses to weather-related disasters, meeting the Millennium Development Goals and wider human development objectives, and implementing a successful response to climate change are aims that can only be accomplished if they are undertaken in an integrated manner. Currently, policy responses to address each of these independently may be redundant or, at worst, conflicting. We believe that this conflict can be attributed primarily to a lack of interaction and institutional overlap among the three communities of practice. Differences in language, method and political relevance may also contribute to the intellectual divide. Thus, this paper seeks to review the theoretical and policy linkages among disaster risk reduction, climate change and development. It finds that not only does action within one realm affect capacity for action in the others, but also that there is much that can be learnt and shared between realms in order to ensure a move towards a path of integrated and more sustainable development.     

地震灾害应急物流配送系统模型优化方法研究

为合理选择应急物流配送中心地址,提高应急管理能力,基于地震灾害风险评价数据,通过ArcGIS平台形成Voronoi图,可视化表达地震应急准备分区方案并进行应急物流中心预选址;在考虑需求权重情况下,构建应急物流配送中心优化选址模型,通过LINGO软件编程求解得出基于震灾应急准备分区的应急物流配送中心选址方案,并以A市为例,通过与传统行政区划建设方案进行对比,验证本文选址方案的有效性。研究结果表明：本文选址优化模型综合考虑各方面因素,使服务里程总量减少31.39%,单位服务量提高30.61%,验证选址方案的配送效率与公平性。     

城市控规单元防灾能力评价的有向加权图模型研究

为从城市具体规划建设的视角进行防灾能力评价,找到城市空间与设施的防灾薄弱环节,提升城市的防灾减灾能力,首先,在深入分析城市抗灾-救灾理念的基础上,从抗灾能力和救灾能力2个方面,建立适用于控制性详细规划层面的防灾能力评价指标体系;其次,基于防灾能力评价指标体系构建城市防灾有向加权图模型,通过PageRank算法对用地单元防灾能力值进行排序,实现防灾减灾能力的定量评价;最后,通过某市规划实例检验评价模型,针对控规单元的防灾问题提出规划提升措施。研究结果表明：所构建模型能够实现对各控规单元的防灾能力等级评价,反映城市控规单元防灾能力的分布情况,发现用地单元规划建设中的防灾减灾问题。     

洪涝灾害后区域水环境中污染物迁移转化控制研究

洪涝灾害发生后,大量洪水会携带污水与各类垃圾,以及形成的径流冲刷,将导致水体中的污染物明显增加,严重破坏生态环境.以多环芳烃为例进行了洪涝灾害后区域水环境中污染物迁移转化控制研究,分析污染物吸附机理,分别建立吸附动力学方程与等温线模型,确定污染物在挥发去除作用中的速度,计算挥发损失程度;并结合对流作用、分子扩散、放射性...     

台湾海峡区域防灾减灾信息服务系统研究

台湾海峡及其周边海域是我国海洋灾害发生的重点区域,充分利用我国在该区域投入巨资构建的海洋动力环境实时立体监测系统所获取的海洋动力参数数据,构建区域性防灾减灾信息服务系统具有重要的意义.从台湾海峡海洋动力环境立体监测数据防灾减灾应用和网络服务角度出发,提出了防灾减灾信息服务的数据服务、信息服务和决策服务等3个层次的划分方法,研究了基于数据仓库、XML、中间件和基于地球球体模型的三维可视化等的服务技术实现策略.提出的防灾减灾信息服务系统构建技术充分考虑了不间用户的应用需求,并通过工程化实践提升了我国海洋动力环境立体监测信息的广泛共享和深度应用的层次.     

基于RS和GIS的2008年长江中下游雪灾监测——以湖北省为例

2008年1月中旬至2月初,我国长江中下游地区出现了大范围持续低温、雨雪、冰冻天气气候事件,造成了特大积雪灾害。以湖北省为例,基于RS和GIS技术对这次雪灾进行了动态的监测评估。利用连续多天的卫星遥感资料和积雪深度观测资料,在GIS的支持下,计算归一化差分积雪指数（NDSI）,提取积雪分布信息,并根据不同海拔高度,确定了积雪深度的NDSI分层阈值,实现了3层积雪深度(0～10、10～20 和20～30 cm)的判识。针对积雪区内不同的土地利用类型,统计了不同深度的积雪面积。结果表明：湖北省近90%面积被雪覆盖,其中江汉平原、鄂东北和鄂东南等地雪灾最为严重,部分地区积雪深度在20 cm以上;水田、旱地等农业用地以及湖泊、水库、河渠等水系积雪最为严重,居民点用地也有较大范围的积雪,居民生活受较大影响;2月2日以后积雪面积逐日减少,到2月8日,积雪基本融化。在上述研究基础上形成了基于RS和GIS的长江中下游积雪监测的业务流程.     

上海海洋经济发展战略

在沿海各国和地区都高度重视发展海洋经济的背景下,研究上海海洋经济发展战略,对进一步推进上海海洋经济发展,建设“海洋强市”具有重要的意义。开发海洋、发展海洋经济是提升上海国际竞争力,促进社会经济可持续发展,更好地服务于长江三角洲、长江流域乃至全国以及保障城市、国家安全的战略需要。目前,上海海洋经济的发展面临着一系列问题、困难和瓶颈制约,主要表现为：海洋产业结构有待优化提升;海陆互动机制有待进一步完善;河口岛屿资源开发利用程度严重不足;海洋生态环境保护与可持续发展形势依然严峻;海洋科技自主创新能力不强,科技资源亟需开发与整合。因此,从转变思想,树立海洋兴市的战略意识;整体规划,重点布局;产业升级,结构优化;海洋经济发展重在创新;大力发展岛屿经济;注重海洋生态保护与可持续发展7方面,提出了上海发展海洋经济的战略和重点。