Seventy‐One Important Questions for the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity

The ocean provides food, economic activity, and cultural value for a large proportion of humanity. Our knowledge of marine ecosystems lags behind that of terrestrial ecosystems, limiting effective protection of marine resources. We describe the outcome of 2 workshops in 2011 and 2012 to establish a list of important questions, which, if answered, would substantially improve our ability to conserve and manage the world's marine resources. Participants included individuals from academia, government, and nongovernment organizations with broad experience across disciplines, marine ecosystems, and countries that vary in levels of development. Contributors from the fields of science, conservation, industry, and government submitted questions to our workshops, which we distilled into a list of priority research questions. Through this process, we identified 71 key questions. We grouped these into 8 subject categories, each pertaining to a broad component of marine conservation: fisheries, climate change, other anthropogenic threats, ecosystems, marine citizenship, policy, societal and cultural considerations, and scientific enterprise. Our questions address many issues that are specific to marine conservation, and will serve as a road map to funders and researchers to develop programs that can greatly benefit marine conservation. Setenta y Un Preguntas Importantes para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad Marina     

Efficient and equitable design of marine protected areas in Fiji through inclusion of stakeholder‐specific objectives in conservation planning

The efficacy of protected areas varies, partly because socioeconomic factors are not sufficiently considered in planning and management. Although integrating socioeconomic factors into systematic conservation planning is increasingly advocated, research is needed to progress from recognition of these factors to incorporating them effectively in spatial prioritization of protected areas. We evaluated 2 key aspects of incorporating socioeconomic factors into spatial prioritization: treatment of socioeconomic factors as costs or objectives and treatment of stakeholders as a single group or multiple groups. Using as a case study the design of a system of no‐take marine protected areas (MPAs) in Kubulau, Fiji, we assessed how these aspects affected the configuration of no‐take MPAs in terms of trade‐offs between biodiversity objectives, fisheries objectives, and equity in catch losses among fisher stakeholder groups. The achievement of fisheries objectives and equity tended to trade‐off concavely with increasing biodiversity objectives, indicating that it is possible to achieve low to mid‐range biodiversity objectives with relatively small losses to fisheries and equity. Importantly, the extent of trade‐offs depended on the method used to incorporate socioeconomic data and was least severe when objectives were set for each fisher stakeholder group explicitly. We found that using different methods to incorporate socioeconomic factors that require similar data and expertise can result in plans with very different impacts on local stakeholders.     

Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean Planning

Coastal and ocean planning comprises a broad field of practice. The goals, political processes, and approaches applied to planning initiatives may vary widely. However, all planning processes ultimately require adequate information on both the biophysical and social attributes of a planning region. In coastal and ocean planning practice, there are well‐established methods to assess biophysical attributes; however, less is understood about the role and assessment of social data. We conducted the first global assessment of the incorporation of social data in coastal and ocean planning. We drew on a comprehensive review of planning initiatives and a survey of coastal and ocean practitioners. There was significantly more incorporation of social data in multiuse versus conservation‐oriented planning. Practitioners engaged a wide range of social data, including governance, economic, and cultural attributes of planning regions and human impacts data. Less attention was given to ecosystem services and social–ecological linkages, both of which could improve coastal and ocean planning practice. Although practitioners recognize the value of social data, little funding is devoted to its collection and incorporation in plans. Increased capacity and sophistication in acquiring critical social and ecological data for planning is necessary to develop plans for more resilient coastal and ocean ecosystems and communities. We suggest that improving social data monitoring, and in particular spatial social data, to complement biophysical data, is necessary for providing holistic information for decision‐support tools and other methods. Moving beyond people as impacts to people as beneficiaries, through ecosystem services assessments, holds much potential to better incorporate the tenets of ecosystem‐based management into coastal and ocean planning by providing targets for linked biodiversity conservation and human welfare outcomes. La Práctica Actual y los Prospectos Futuros para los Datos Sociales en la Planeación Costera y Oceánica     

Assessing the population-level conservation effects of marine protected areas

Marine protected areas (MPAs) cover 3–7% of the world's ocean, and international organizations call for 30% coverage by 2030. Although numerous studies show that MPAs produce conservation benefits inside their borders, many MPAs are also justified on the grounds that they confer conservation benefits to the connected populations that span beyond their borders. A network of MPAs covering roughly 20% of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary was established in 2003, with a goal of providing regional conservation and fishery benefits. We used a spatially explicit bioeconomic simulation model and a Bayesian difference-in-difference regression to examine the conditions under which MPAs can provide population-level conservation benefits inside and outside their borders and to assess evidence of those benefits in the Channel Islands. As of 2017, we estimated that biomass densities of targeted fin-fish had a median value 81% higher (90% credible interval: 23–148) inside the Channel Island MPAs than outside. However, we found no clear effect of these MPAs on mean total biomass densities at the population level: estimated median effect was –7% (90% credible interval: –31 to 23) from 2015 to 2017. Our simulation model showed that effect sizes of MPAs of <30% were likely to be difficult to detect (even when they were present); smaller effect sizes (which are likely to be common) were even harder to detect. Clearly, communicating expectations and uncertainties around MPAs is critical to ensuring that MPAs are effective. We provide a novel assessment of the population-level effects of a large MPA network across many different species of targeted fin-fish, and our results offer guidance for communities charged with monitoring and adapting MPAs.     

基于情景分析的区域洪涝灾害风险评价——以巢湖流域为例

洪涝灾害是制约区域粮食安全和社会可持续发展的主要因子之一。在风险识别的基础上,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体等方面选取评价指标,建立评价指标体系。运用层次分析法确定指标权重,通过情景分析技术从降水、土地利用、人口、GDP等方面构建复合情景;应用GIS空间分析技术构建洪涝灾害风险评价模型,对巢湖流域洪涝灾害风险进行评价。研究结果表明:2020年巢湖流域洪涝灾害危险性由东南部向西北部减小;合肥市区的洪涝灾害易损性最大,和县的易损性最小。巢湖流域东南部洪涝灾害风险最大,西南部的大别山区风险较小,随着重现期的增大,流域的洪涝灾害风险也逐渐增大。模拟灾害发生的情景,并分析不同情景下的洪涝灾害风险,更能体现洪涝灾害的不确定性和变化性,为流域防洪战略决策研究提供科学依据。     

安徽省雷电灾害特征分析及区域灾情评估

利用安徽省雷电灾害资料和闪电定位资料,对1998~2012年的雷电灾害特征进行了统计分析,选取年平均雷灾次数N、年平均伤亡人数M和年平均经济损失E作为基本评价指标,利用熵权综合评价模型对安徽省78个县级行政单位的区域雷电灾情进行评估,对雷电灾害强度空间分布做了等级划分。结果表明:2002~2009年为安徽省雷电灾害高发年份;全省雷电灾害主要集中发生在6、7、8月份;雷电灾害发生于城市(县城)的频次要多于乡村;乡村地区的雷电灾害损失类型主要为人身伤亡,城市的雷电灾害损失类型主要为电子设备的物理损害和经济损失;民用、电力和通信为全省主要雷电灾害损失行业。综合灾情指数G分布反映了不同地区受雷电灾害的严重程度,其中南陵县、阜阳市区、马鞍山市区、淮北市区和宣城市区为受灾较重的地区。灾情评估结果可为区域性的雷电防护和风险评估工作提供科学依据。     

共混塑料在海水中的光降解及海洋环境风险

共混塑料因其用途广泛且价格低廉,生产和使用量逐渐增加,然而共混塑料在海水中光降解及其海洋环境风险尚不明确.选取聚丙烯/热塑性淀粉共混塑料（PP/TPS）和聚乳酸/对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯/热塑性淀粉共混塑料（PLA/PBAT/TPS）为研究对象,单一聚合物塑料聚丙烯（PP）和聚乳酸（PLA）作为对照,探究共混塑料在海水中光降解后微塑料（MPs）的形成和物理化学性质的变化.MPs的粒径分布显示,与PP和PLA相比,PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS光降解后容易产生尺寸更小的颗粒,主要原因是共混塑料机械性能和抗紫外线能力较差.共混塑料光降解后表面出现更多裂纹和褶皱,表面形貌发生明显变化,而PP和PLA变化不明显.ATR-FTIR光谱显示PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS光降解后热塑性淀粉（TPS）的特征峰减小,表明共混塑料的淀粉组分降解.C 1s光谱表明,老化共混塑料含有更少的—OH,进一步证实了TPS的光降解.以上结果表明PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS比PP和PLA光降解程度更高,从而产生更多小粒径MPs.综上所述,共混塑料可能比单一聚合物塑料对海洋环境风险更高,对共混塑料的生产和使用应谨慎.     

上海宝山快速城市化进程对河网演变影响分析

以我国快速城市化区域——上海宝山区为例,基于近20 a经济发展和河系水网变化相关数据,探讨区域河网水系的时空变化规律,不同功能区的河网变化分异特征及其驱动因子。分析结果表明:(1)宝山区的河网水系数量变化经历了基本稳定(1994-2003年)、快速消亡(2003-2006年)、缓慢回升(2006-2008年)3个阶段,这与其城市化发展进程有较好的对应关系;(2)不同功能区域河网数量和水环境质量变化具有分异性,其中水面率大小关系为Ⅲ区>Ⅰ区>Ⅱ区,有机污染综合指数和总磷为Ⅱ区7Ⅰ区7Ⅲ区;(3)不同功能区的河网水系数量和水环境质量对城市化响应具有明显差异,居住用地、工业用地和设施用地的增加是各功能区河网水系变化的主要驱动因素。在此基础上,对于区域防洪除涝问题提出建议,即在城市化进程中,不仅应重视河道数量,更应重视河道长宽度的保护,才能改善河网水质和水生态环境。     

海洋大气环境多因素组合/综合试验及方法现状分析

从海洋大气的环境试验能力和环境试验方法 2方面展开了国内外多环境因素组合/综合的对比分析,探讨了海洋大气主要环境因素温度、湿度、盐雾、太阳辐射和诱发环境因素振动产生的环境效应及其相互影响,分别列举了2、3、4、5种环境因素耦合环境试验方法与成果。最后,针对装备海洋大气环境多因素组合/综合试验及方法目前的研究现状,提出了建议和展望。     

南海岛礁环境下304不锈钢腐蚀行为分析

目的 研究304不锈钢材料在南海岛礁大气、飞溅、潮差和全浸区环境下暴露0.5 a的腐蚀行为与规律.方法 通过实海环境适应性试验,获取304不锈钢材料在南海岛礁环境下的腐蚀数据.通过腐蚀形貌观察,明确304不锈钢的主要腐蚀形式.通过电化学测试分析,评价304不锈钢耐蚀性能,阐明其腐蚀机理.结果 304不锈钢在南海岛礁环境下以点蚀为主,4个区带的平均腐蚀速率分别为0.8、1.1、1.3、3.2μm/a,平均点蚀深度分别为13.57、15.26、18.62、2.43μm,最大点蚀深度分别为28.85、35.63、32.93、40.25μm.交流阻抗和Mott-Schottky曲线测试结果显示,四个区带试样的电荷传递阻抗分别为1.27×107、8.76×106、7.35×105和5.76×105?·cm2,载流子含量分别为6.56×1022、1.01×1023、2.80×1023和4.15×1023 cm?3.在全浸环境下,304不锈钢钝化膜破损最严重,耐蚀性下降最大.结论 在大气区和飞溅区,304不锈钢以点蚀为主,并在固定部位伴随有轻微缝隙腐蚀;在潮差区和全浸区,由于钙镁沉积物和海生物附着,304不锈钢表面形成大量Cl?饱和、低溶解氧浓度的腐蚀微电池环境,发生了严重的局部腐蚀,且以全浸区最为严重.