简化一维水质模型在突发水污染事故模拟预测中的应用

传统水质模拟预测模型对突发水污染事故事发地的水文、水下地形等资料要求较高,在缺乏相应资料时会影响对水污染事故的可靠预测和预警。为解决问题,亟需建立在应急条件下能快速预测预警的简化水质模型。以传统一维水质模型为基础,通过人工测量河流沿程流速,自动插值获得流场以替代模型中对流场的求解,再求解一维对流扩散方程,以此获得简化的一维水质模拟预测模型。模拟计算结果表明,相对于传统水质模型,简化后一维水质预警模型可快速准确地预测突发水污染事故后污染态势。     

浦阳江流域(浦江县段)面源污染模型估算及河流生态缓冲带重点区域识别

以浦阳江流域(浦江县段)为研究区,从流域面源污染空间特征入手,提出浦阳江流域岸边带建设的重点区域。采用DPeRS面源污染负荷估算模型,具体分析了2018年浦阳江流域面源污染负荷空间分布特征,并采用面向对象方法提取了岸线和河流生态缓冲带土地覆盖类型,以汇水区为单元,结合面源污染估算结果识别了浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带重点区。结果表明：浦阳江流域中部和中北部地区面源污染排放负荷较高,面源污染入河负荷高值区主要集中于中下游地区;该流域31个汇水区中,TN和NH₄⁺-N重点汇水区有17个,主要分布在流域的中部和东北部;TP和COD重点汇水区有12个,集中分布于流域中部;浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带范围内,植被类型和非植被类型面积占比分别为65.49%和34.51%,其中耕地面积占比29.36%,建筑用地占比11.89%;综合浦阳江流域面源污染重点汇水区和河流生态缓冲带现状遥感提取结果,筛选出的重点区包括下游地区的7号汇水区和中游地区的18~25号汇水区所在的河流生态缓冲带。今后,可针对其重点区域设计生态防护工程,也应结合源头减量、过程拦截、末端消纳与资源循环利用的防控策略,综合削减面源污染物入河量。     

某高密度街区大气颗粒物质量浓度分布特征实测研究

为研究城市高密度街区大气颗粒物浓度分布特征,2019年秋季对上海市某高密度街区道路大气颗粒物浓度、空气温度、相对湿度、地理位置、车辆与道路图像视频信息进行了同步移动在线监测,并结合街区内固定站数据和后向轨迹模拟结果,总结了影响街区大气颗粒物浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明:城市大气颗粒物背景拟合值处于较低水平时,街区内的大气颗粒物浓度变化和影响因素易被识别;机动车污染源对大气颗粒物浓度贡献大,其中大型机动车的影响明显;户外施工和道路清扫会引起大气颗粒物浓度上升,其中PM₁₀上升更明显;交通密度大的十字路口大气颗粒物浓度通常较高;城市高架的盖状结构会阻碍大气颗粒物在垂直方向上的扩散,引起局部大气颗粒物浓度上升;街区内高大浓密的乔木对近地面的大气颗粒物屏蔽效果不理想,甚至有助于颗粒物累积;早晚高峰时段大气颗粒物浓度较非高峰时段高。     

汽车制造项目环境影响评价技术要点分析

本文在实际开展汽车制造项目环境影响评价的基础上,对汽车制造项目生产工艺及产污环节进行梳理,重点对废气、废水、固废、噪声源强核算过程和方法进行解析,对污染防治措施论证内容进行探讨,同时从清洁生产水平分析、政策相符性分析等方面的技术要点进行总结整理,梳理了目前汽车制造项目环评文件编制的要点核心,指出汽车整车制造项目环境影响评价中应关注的重点问题,主要在于挥发性有机废气源强和含氮、磷及重金属废水源强核算、物料平衡等,为下阶段汽车制造项目建设和环境管理提供参考。     

Ambio’s legacy on monitoring,impact, and management of acid rain: This article belongs to Ambio’s 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Acidification

Early studies published in Ambio showed large-scale acidification of lakes in southern Sweden and Norway from acid rain. These studies were important for delimiting various scientific issues and thus for eventually contributing to legislation, which reduced emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides and helped to mitigate this major environmental problem. Long-term studies and monitoring in Sweden and Norway and at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire helped guide this legislation in Europe and in the USA.     

Trans-boundary air pollution over remote islands in Japan: observed data and estimates from a numerical model

Observations of air pollutants were conducted in remote Japanese islands (Oki Island and Okinawa Island) in early spring to clarify the extent of trans-boundary air pollution from the Asian continent. A three-dimensional Eulerian model calculation, which included parameters on emission, transport and transformation of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and ammonia, was performed to compile sulfate isosurface concentrations over the observational sites. Concentrations of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO₄²⁻) of greater than 10 μg m⁻³ were observed at Oki after the northeastward passage of low-pressure systems in the Sea of Japan. At these times, the weather showed a typical winter pattern and air pollutants over China were transported southeastward to Japan with the northwesterly wind. The model calculation reproduced the observed variations of nss-SO₄²⁻ concentration well, except for one case in which the model calculation could not reproduce the extremely low nss-SO₄²⁻ concentration observed on 8 March. In Hedo (Okinawa Island), we observed long-lasting (3 days) medium concentrations of nss-SO₄²⁻ (approximately 5 μg m⁻³). Although the model reproduced these observed medium concentrations well, in general the observed results were reproduced better for Oki than for Hedo. Under the synoptic weather conditions of early spring, high concentrations of nss-sulfate were sometimes transported to these remote Japanese islands from areas of continental Asia with a strong outflow of air pollutants.     

潮汐流-垂直潜流人工湿地对城市径流污染物净化效果

人工湿地(CW)在城市径流污染源头控制中发挥重要的作用。采用潮汐流(TFCW)-垂直潜流(VFCW)串联的复合人工湿地工艺(TF-VFCW),以砾石为填料构建人工湿地模型,探究TF-VFCW长期运行下COD_cr、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃⁻-N、TN和Cu²⁺的去除效果以及微生物群落变化对污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明：在80 d的运行中,TF-VFCW对COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN的去除效率逐渐下降,平均去除率分别为62.92%、65.54%、80.83%;系统对NO₃⁻-N的去除率先保持稳定,随后在波动中略有下降,平均去除率为95.27%;对TP的去除效果相对较为稳定,平均去除率为87.64%;对Cu²⁺的去除率虽有较大波动但总体上呈现上升的趋势,平均去除率为40.22%。TFCW单元的去污能力明显优于VFCW单元。随着时间的推移,TFCW单元在门水平上的优势菌种由Proteobacteria(变形菌门)变为Firmicutes(厚壁菌门);在属水平上,TF-VFCW中主要除氮微生物为Thauera(索氏菌属)、Thiobacillus(硫杆菌属)、Hydrogenophaga(噬氢菌属)、Nitrosospira(亚硝化螺菌属),主要除磷微生物为Pseudomonas(假单胞菌属)、Dechloromonas(脱氯菌属)、Bacillus(芽孢杆菌)等。TFCW的除氮、除磷功能微生物的多样性要明显优于VFCW。温度对除氮、除磷功能微生物的多样性和群落结构影响较大,NH₄⁺-N、NO₃⁻-N、 TN的去除效果明显受到温度的影响,而磷的去除受温度影响较小,其主要通过基质吸附和植物吸收。     

我国环境经济方面的能力建设与国际援助

本文论述了加强环境经济能力建设的背景、避免市场失灵及政府失灵的措施以及商业银行参与环保产业融资的经验.     

Spatial distribution of pollution in an urban stormwater infiltration basin

Infiltration basins are frequently used for stormwater drainage. Because stormwater is polluted in highly toxic compounds, assessment of pollution retention by infiltration basins is necessary. Indeed, if basins are not effective in trapping pollution, deep soil and groundwater may be contaminated. This study's objective is to investigate soil pollution in infiltration basins: spatial distribution of soil pollution, optimisation of the number of soil samples and a contamination indicator are presented. It is part of a global project on long-term impact of stormwater infiltration on groundwater. Soil sampling was done on a basin in suburban Lyon (France). Samples were collected at different depths and analysed for nutrients, heavy metals, hydrocarbons and grain size. Pollutant concentrations decrease rapidly with depth while pH, mineralisation and grain size increase. Sustainable metal concentrations are reached at a 30-cm depth, even after 14 years of operation; hydrocarbon pollution is deeper. Principal component analysis shows how pollutants affect each level. The topsoil is different from other levels. Three specifically located points are enough to estimate the mass of pollution trapped by the basin with a 26% error. The proposed contamination indicator is calculated using either average level concentrations or maximum level concentrations. In both cases, the topsoil layer appears polluted but evaluation of lower levels is dependent on the choice of input concentrations.     

突发性环境污染事故应急预警系统发展探讨

在介绍突发性环境污染事故的概念、类型与特性的基础上,综述了近年来国内外对这一领域的研究进展．并结合“5S”技术提出突发性环境污染事故应急预警系统的全程模拟。