石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响与防治对策

分析了石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响,提出了预防泄漏措施.     

南黄海中部表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源分析

通过对南黄海中部49个表层沉积物样品进行总有机碳,粒度,多环芳烃和甲基菲等GS-MS定量分析,探讨了研究区沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征,分子组成,评估南黄海中部多环芳烃污染水平并识别其来源.研究表明,南黄海中部14种多环芳烃总量(ΣPAHs)在81.63~6567.31 ng/g之间,其中优控多环芳烃(ΣEPA PAHs)11种,含量为29.2~1029.1 ng/g,平均含量255.1 ng/g,与国内外其他地区相比有机污染水平为中-低;苝为研究区内主要多环芳烃,分布较为广泛,其含量占所有PAHs的6.40%~88.85%,低含量苝与人为活动有关,而高含量苝代表了陆源有机质输入;多环芳烃组成,异构体分析和甲基菲特征表明,研究区优控多环芳烃主要为煤和高等植物燃烧或不完全燃烧产物以气溶胶形式输入,但部分样品表现出明显的石油源特性也证实了石油燃料,原油泄露产生的多环芳烃客观存在.     

Organotin pollution in Malta coastal zone

The speciation of organotins in seawater, surface microlayer and sediments in the marine environment of Malta is described. Concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) in bulk seawater inside the harbours were as high as 0.3 μg Sn L^‐1 but were below detection limits (5 ng Sn L^‐1) in open sea, 1.6 km offshore. In sediments, TBT levels were highest for the yacht marinas and ranged between 0.03 and 1.5 ug Sn g^‐1. Dibutyltin is more common in the surface microlayer than TBT. Diphenyl and monophenyltin were found infrequently in bulk seawater and in sediments. Tetrasubstituted organotins, namely, Me_nBu₍₄__n)Sn, where n = 1, 2, and 3, were found frequently in TBT‐contaminated sediments (0.1–9μg Sng^‐1), in seawater and in the microlayer where concentrations as high as 140 μg Sn L^‐1 (Me₃BuSn) were measured. Direct environmental methylation of TBT and that of its debutylated analogues may play a significant role in the geochemical cycling of tin under certain environmental conditions.     

Impact of heavy metals of industrial plant wastewater on benthic communities of Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of human impact on the characteristics of sediments heavy metal concentration, grain size and its influence on the structure of the microbial and meiofaunal community assemblages. A survey was carried out in July 2013 within six sites located in the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia), both downstream and upstream of industrial effluents. The highest total sediment metal concentrations were detected in stations located close to the industrial sewage discharge points. In these stations, the lowest densities of the total meiofauna (33?±?13?ind/10?cm^?2) and conversely the highest densities of cultivable bacteria that are heavy metal resistant have been reported (16?±?80.34?CFU?g^?1). Univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (MDS/CCA) analyses demonstrate high dissimilarity (0.06) in meiofaunal and bacterial community structures between downstream and upstream industrial sewages. Furthermore, canonical correspondence analysis CCA results indicated that heavy metal sediment contamination promoted bacteria that are resistant to heavy metals, while heterotrophic bacteria supported the development of meiofauna taxa. The results highlight the importance of bacteria/meiofauna interactions, as both meiofaunal and microbial communities give indications of the ecological impact of heavy metal contamination in sediment.     

The Effects of Ocean Disposal of Sewage Sludge On the Relative Abundance of Benthic Megafauna

Disposal of sewage sludge in the New York Bight Apex (12-Mile Dump Site) ceased at the end of December 1987. Previous efforts to quantify the effects of sludge were hindered by the inability to obtain true replication. the cessation of dumping afforded the opportunity to apply the technique of replication in time, also known as a Before/After, Control/Impact design. Conditionally, this method allows one to separate treatment effects from the natural differences that confound many environmental impact studies. the Environmental Processes Division of the Northeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service sampled the benthic environment of the New York Bight Apex from June 1986 through September 1989 using a sample design based on the technique of replication in time.

Three dominant species (rock crab, Cancer irroratus; little skate; Raja erinacea; and winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and total demersal finfish, collected by otter trawl, showed no statistically significant response to the cessation of disposal. American lobster (Homarus americanus) increased in local abundance, but this result was possibly confounded by a change in fishing effort.     

Trace Element Contaminants in Sediments From the Noaa National Status and Trends Programme Compared to Data From Throughout the World

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Status and Trends (NS&T) Programme has analyzed samples of surface sediment collected at almost 300 coastal and estuarine sites throughout the United States since 1984. the overall distributions for concentrations of each element are approximately lognormal allowing a definition of geometric means and of “high” concentrations as those exceeding the mean plus one standard deviation of the lognormal distribution. Those mean and “high” concentrations should be useful for comparing the NS&T data set and with other reports on sediment contamination. A world-wide data set, constructed from data in the literature, was summarized in an identical manner. It was found, after excluding locally extreme values, that the NS&T and world-wide data sets yielded very similar mean and “high” concentrations for Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Chromium was the sole element showing higher summary statistics in the NS&T data set, a result attributed to NS&T sampling in areas of naturally (not contaminated) elevated Cr content. It remains undetermined, however, why the world-wide data set, even with exclusion of “hot spots”, yielded higher means and “highs” for Cd, Hg, As, and Ag.     

Perceptions of small-scale fishermen on the value of marine resources and protected areas: case of Claveria,Northern Philippines

Establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) helps to restore and sustain marine and fishery resources, but in the Philippines only 20% of total MPAs are achieving their management objectives. We conducted a case study of a small MPA in Northern Philippines to understand socio-economic status and livelihoods of the fishermen stakeholders, and examine their attitudes and perceptions on marine resource values and conservation. Using an ordered probit model, we also investigated factors affecting these perceptions. We found a lower fish income ratio in higher income quartiles, a small share of local non-fishery income, and an apparent lack of other livelihood opportunities within the rural economy. The majority of fishermen had positive perceptions of the non-market value of marine resources, agreed with the need for MPAs, and perceived positive potential income benefit from MPAs. Level of education and fishing income were consistent significant positive determinants of these perceptions. Policy implications suggest: involving likely-to-be-displaced reef fishers in the crafting of management plans; conducting intensive research on appropriate and feasible livelihood options, for example, marine culture technologies; and designing explicit strategies to increase the propensity of coastal households to invest in children's education as a strategy for long-term sustainability of resource management.     

Sustainable tourism for remote atolls in the Pacific

SUMMARY

Coral atolls, as visitor destinations, have received little attention in the literature of tourism on mid-oceanic islands. However, the current trend of nature-based tourism, which involves travelling to relatively remote and undisturbed places, makes the atolls a desirable destination. This paper explores ways of how appropriate tourism can be introduced to atoll society within the context of traditional resource uses and the application of intermediate technologies. With the acceptance of a code of ethics for tourist behaviour and technologies aimed at reducing dependency of foreign imports, atoll tourism could become a viable economic alternative to the continued over-exploitation of marine resources.     

Challenges to interdisciplinary research in ecosystem-based management

Despite its necessity, integration of natural and social sciences to inform conservation efforts has been difficult. We examined the views of 63 scientists and practitioners involved in marine management in Mexico's Gulf of California, the central California coast, and the western Pacific on the challenges associated with integrating social science into research efforts that support ecosystem-based management (EBM) in marine systems. We used a semistructured interview format. Questions focused on how EBM was developed for these sites and how contextual factors affected its development and outcomes. Many of the traditional challenges linked with interdisciplinary research were present in the EBM projects we studied. However, a number of contextual elements affected how mandates to include social science were interpreted and implemented as well as how easily challenges could be addressed. For example, a common challenge is that conservation organizations are often dominated by natural scientists, but for some projects it was easier to address this imbalance than for others. We also found that the management and institutional histories that came before EBM in specific cases were important features of local context. Because challenges differed among cases, we believe resolving challenges to interdisciplinary research should be context specific.     

重金属离子胁迫对赤潮微藻的急性毒性

重金属污染和赤潮都是较为突出的海洋环境问题,为给相关研究提供基础试验数据,在实验室条件下研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对米氏凯伦藻和微小原甲藻的急性毒性效应. 通过2种藻的EC₅₀(半数抑制浓度)比较了其敏感性差异,分析了不同浓度重金属胁迫对微藻的影响;同时,利用TEM (transmission electronic microscopy,透射电镜技术)和FCM (flow cytometry,流式细胞术)研究了重金属Cu2+的急性毒性胁迫在亚细胞水平上对米氏凯伦藻的损伤. 其中,Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对微小原甲藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为0.514和0.276 mg/L、0.835和1.215 mg/L及4.376和7.976 mg/L;对米氏凯伦藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为1.881和1.881 mg/L、5.405和6.268 mg/L及13.134 和18.732 mg/L. 结果表明:2种微藻的种群相对增长率随着胁迫浓度的增加而下降,3种重金属离子的毒性表现出Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+的趋势,微小原甲藻对重金属胁迫更敏感;Cu2+胁迫可使米氏凯伦藻细胞体积增大,内容物复杂程度增高,但叶绿素a的MFI(mean fluorescence intensity,平均荧光强度)的变化不明显;Cu2+胁迫对藻膜结构的损伤较明显,但对线粒体及叶绿体的结构影响不明显.