2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚（BDE-47）对4种海洋微藻的急性毒性

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类具有生态风险性的新型持久性有机污染物,其中BDE-47是对生物和人体毒性最强的PBDEs同系物之一.选择4种海洋微藻(海水小球藻、牟氏角毛藻、中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻),采用概率单位-浓度对数法研究了BDE-47对海洋微藻的急性毒性效应(BDE-47浓度梯度设置为0、0.1、1、5、10、50μg·L-1).结果显示,BDE-47对海水小球藻、牟氏角毛藻、中肋骨条藻和赤潮异弯藻的96h半效应浓度(96hEC50)分别为0.79、1.52、1.99和2.25μg·L-1,表明BDE-47对海洋微藻属于极高毒性物质.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities of the Yellow Sea by T-RFLP analysis

Four typical coastal sites (rocky shore, sandy shore, mud flat shore, and artificial harbor) at the Yellow Sea were chosen to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities. This was accomplished by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Two kinds of tetrameric restriction enzymes, HhaI and MspI, were used in the experiment to depict the bacterial community diversity in different marine environments. It was found that the community compositions digested by the two enzymes separately were different. However, the results of bacterial community diversity derived from them were similar. The MDA analysis results of T-RFLP profiles coming from HhaI and MspI both exhibited a significant seasonal community shift for bacteria and a relatively low spatial variation among the four locations. With HhaI as the sample, the pair wise T-tests also revealed that variations were minor between each pair of marine environments, with R ranging from 0.198 to 0.349. However, the bacterial community structure in the mud flat site depicted a larger difference than each of the other three sites (R ranging from 0.282 to 0.349).     

香港海沙资源的勘探开发与管理

海沙开采已成为仅次于油气开采的世界第二重要海洋开采业。1980年代以来,香港政府投资1.7×10⁸港元为寻找海岸围垦填料进行了一系列的海沙勘探活动,在1828km²香港水域发现22个地点海沙资源储量7.4×10⁸m³,其中9个地点4.2×10⁸m³储量因覆盖层较厚或污染严重或海区环境特别敏感等原因被暂时搁置。1990～2002年共开采海沙2.7×10⁸m³,为形成2100hm²新土地的多项围垦工程提供了约一半的填料。基于地球物理勘探和钻探资料建立了香港海域第四纪层序和海沙产状地质模型,发现和证实了含气沉积物地震剖面的声波浑浊现象。香港政府对海沙资源进行统一勘探和统一管理,强调海沙开采的环境和生态影响评估,利用废弃的海床挖沙坑回填倾废的非污染海泥和受污染海泥。我国内地海沙勘探管理可以从中取得借鉴。     

煤矸石自燃机理及其防治技术研究

煤矸石是我国最大的工业固体废弃物,煤矸石自燃是矿区主要的环境问题之一。并系统分析煤矸石的自燃机理,提出预防为主,防治为辅的对策,并重点介绍几种行之有效的煤矸石自燃的防治技术。     

Evaluation of marine outfall with three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality modeling

Numerical models are often used to evaluate the potential impact of human alternation of natural water bodies and to help the design of the alternation to mitigate its impacts. In the past decade, three-dimensional hydrodynamic and reactive transport modeling has matured from a research subject to a practical analysis technology. This paper presents a practical study in which a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model [hydrodynamic eutrophication model (HEM-3D)] was applied to determine the optimal location for treated wastewater discharged from marine outfall system in the Keelung harbor and the adjacent coastal sea. First, model validation was conducted with respect to surface elevation, current, and water quality variables measured in the Keelung harbor station and its coastal sea. The overall performance of the model was in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to evaluate several scenarios of the locations from marine outfall system. Based on model simulation results, a location at the northeast of Ho-Ping Island was recommended for adoption because the environmental impact is smaller than any other alternative.

Seaweed sex pheromones and their degradation products frequently suppress amphipod feeding but rarely suppress sea urchin feeding

Summary. A diverse group of brown seaweeds produce bouquets of C₁₁ metabolites, some of which act as pheromones that cue gamete release or attract sperm to eggs following release. We demonstrate that these C₁₁ metabolites and their degradation products also frequently and strongly deter feeding by the herbivorous amphipod Ampithoe longimana, but rarely by the herbivorous sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Across the range of concentrations tested, seven of twelve C₁₁ metabolites or mixtures that we tested deterred feeding by the amphipod, but only two of eleven deterred the sea urchin. For those compounds where we could rigorously contrast the magnitude of deterrence against the amphipod with the magnitude of deterrence against the urchin, the amphipod was deterred significantly more than the urchin by five of six metabolites. Thus, C₁₁ compounds were more frequently and more strongly deterrent to the amphipod than to the sea urchin. These findings for C₁₁ metabolites conflict with previous investigations, where other classes of seaweed chemical defenses have been shown to deter feeding by large mobile herbivores like urchins and fishes but to be relatively ineffective against mesograzers, especially the species of amphipod that we used here. Our results suggest that C₁₁ metabolites are unusual among the known seaweed chemical defenses in that they are especially effective against mesograzers, which often consume seaweed spores, zygotes, and juveniles. The high concentrations of C₁₁ metabolites in brown algal eggs could allow these defenses to be especially important in defending gametes, zygotes, or young sporelings from herbivorous mesograzers. Received 26 February 1998; accepted 9 April 1998.     

基于快速消解的海洋沉积物重金属ICP-MS测定条件优化

准确测定海洋沉积物中重金属元素的含量,是开展海洋生态环境评价与管理的基础。比较研究了当前生态环境监测领域几种主要的检测标准方法和近年热门的土壤快速消解法对海洋沉积物中重金属的检测效果。通过研究不同消解体系、消解压力、校准溶液配制方法以及内标元素、内标浓度等条件对海洋沉积物重金属测定效果的影响,优化了海洋沉积物样品的快速消解过程和测定条件。结果表明:优化后的快速消解方法针对Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的方法检出限为0.004~0.8 mg/kg,测定下限为0.016~3.2 mg/kg,回收率为95.4%~109.2%,相对标准偏差为0%~3.22%,方法准确可靠、快速高效,满足海洋沉积物样品(尤其是大批量样品)的重金属测试需求。     

海洋环境中纳米金属的生物吸收及生物效应

当前随着纳米科技的发展,纳米材料,特别是纳米金属,因其独特的物化性质,在各行各业中的使用量呈指数增长,致使其在大气、水域、土壤环境中的安全性问题引起公众关注。尤其是在受到人类活动密切影响的近岸海洋环境中,纳米金属的潜在生态效应成为当前国内外研究的热点之一。本文重点综述了由于海洋环境的理化因子以及纳米金属独特的物化性质导致的纳米金属的环境行为,海洋生物对纳米金属的吸收,以及纳米金属的生物效应和可能的致毒机制,旨在为评估海洋环境中纳米金属的潜在生态危害,完善纳米材料的监管机制及保障纳米科技的可持续发展提供思路。     

海水养虾池细菌数量动态及细菌生产力的研究

对5个海水养虾池细菌数量动态及细菌生产力的研究结果表明：水层细菌数在不同试验池及同一池塘不同采样时间均呈现较大波动．细菌密度在底水层明显高于表水层，且同一虾池细菌密度在水平分布上极具不均匀性．底泥中细菌数在采样期稳定增加并与底泥中有机物含量呈现显著正相关,随着泥层加厚，细菌密度呈V型分布，最大密度出现在表层1cm之内，2cm以下泥层，细菌密度明显减小原位（in－situ）实验测定所得虾池细菌生产力ρ4（C）·t－1＝86．10～343．25mg·m－2·d－1，是浮游植物初级生产力的10％～19％     

我国海水水质基准的构建:以三丁基锡为例

我国近岸海域污染形势严峻、污染物种类繁多、生态健康风险复杂,现有的海水水质标准难以满足当前海洋环境污染评价、管理和监控的需求,亟需适宜我国海洋区系特征的海水水质基准作为水质标准修订与制定的理论依据.借鉴美国、欧盟和荷兰等国家水质基准的制定方法,提出了构建我国海水水质基准的思路,并给出了数值型双值基准的数据要求、定值方法和相应的计算模式等.以三丁基锡化合物(TBT)为例,按照论文建立的方法,计算了保护我国海洋水生生物的TBT基准.结果表明:我国TBT化合物海水水质基准高值(HSWC)和海水水质基准低值(LSWC)分别为0.43μg·L-1和0.002μg·L-1,与美国,加拿大和英国等国家的推荐基准值略有不同.研究结果将为我国海水水质基准的制定与研究提供帮助.