中国海洋生态保护制度的演进逻辑、互补需求及改革路径

海洋生态问题本质上是制度问题。中国海洋生态保护制度经历了从无到有、从少到多的发展过程,但多种复杂制度之间是否能够形成治理合力,制度缺失、制度无效和制度冲突等问题是否存在,尚有待进一步解答。为此,文章在梳理中国海洋生态保护制度演进逻辑的基础上,基于制度互补视角挖掘现有制度的互补空间,探究查缺补漏、规范修正和协调统筹的制度改革路径,以期推动海洋生态保护制度“从多到优”的有效过渡。中国海洋生态保护制度的演进可分为初步建立、稳步推进和改革转型三个阶段,呈现出从陆海分割到陆海一体化治理、从政府单一主体监管到多元主体协同治理、从标准规范到法律保障的趋势特征。制度需求引致与制度供给滞后、制度成本制约与制度收益驱动之间的联动关系是推动海洋生态保护制度演进的内在动因。海洋生态保护是一项跨区域、跨部门的复杂系统性工程,不同生态保护制度之间的联动耦合至关重要。立足制度互补理论视角,中国海洋生态保护制度在保护主体、保护手段和保护过程三个层面均存在较大的互补需求,其中保护主体单一的问题主要因制度缺失导致,保护手段的低效主要受到制度适应性不足的影响,而保护过程的割裂主要反映了制度不协调、不匹配的矛盾。基于此,未来中国海洋生态保护制度的补充应围绕政府职责梳理和多元主体参与建设,制度的修正重点在于进一步完善市场激励、信息公开等非政府机制,制度的协调则要实现立足事前、事中和事后全过程,推动政策工具的有效衔接配合。     

海洋盐沼环境中金属的行为研究

详细论述了海洋盐沼环境中金属的行为及其化学／物理影响因素,其中包括盐沼区域的划分、影响金属的因素、金属的行为、盐沼植物与金属的关系。指出,重金属对盐沼植物生物初期有一定程度的危害,利用某些盐沼植物可监测重金属的污染状况。     

新型的无公害海洋防污涂料

本文概述了海洋防污涂料的发展现状及影响污损生物附着的主要因素,着重论述了低表面自由能材料,吸水性材料的和生化材料等无公害新型防污涂料的防污机制及其试用效果。并指出,开发和应用无锡自抛光涂料和新型低毒防污涂料,这是解决海洋中有机锡污染的近期目标。而刚刚兴起的无公害防污染料尚处在初期研制阶段,其推广应用还需要一个较长时间的发展过程。并且强调应当加强对静,动船舶在苛刻的海洋环境中抗海洋污染生物附着的防污     

海水中二甲基硫含量与海洋环境因子间关系的研究

以青岛尚岸海水为典型水域,设８个采样点于１９９６－０３、１９９６－０５和１９９６－１０进行了３次ＤＭＳ与海洋环境因子的监测,研究青岛尚岸海水海洋因子的特点及海水中ＤＭＳ浓度与浮游物种和海洋环境因子的关系,结果表明,海洋浮游植物生成ＤＭＳ的生物机理较为复杂,青岛沿岸海水中ＤＭＳ含量与叶绿素α２及海洋环境因子无明确的相关关系,浮游植物和海洋环境因子复杂的时空变化为研究海洋排放ＤＭＳ带来了很大的不确定性     

Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对海洋单细胞藻的急性毒性效应

近年来,海洋重金属污染日益严重,为考察重金属对海洋藻类的生物毒性效应,进而评估其对海洋生态环境的影响,本研究采用一次性培养的实验方法,测定了2种重金属Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)对8种海洋单细胞藻的急性毒性效应,包括赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo Hada)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curv...     

Euro Chlor Risk Assessment for the Marine Environment Osparcom Region: North Sea - Principles and Purposes -

A voluntary programme on risk assessment for chlorinated chemicals was initiated by Euro Chlor (the European Chlorine Producers Federation). The study was targeted on the marine environment, starting with the North Sea, and the methodology used was based on the European Union risk assessment principles. Details of the method used are described in this paper. A first set of five compounds is published in this special issue: chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene.     

The power of environmental norms: marine plastic pollution and the politics of microbeads

Emerging environmental norms gain strength and diffuse more quickly when scientific evidence of harm is consolidating, when activism is intensifying, and when political and corporate resistance is relatively weak. The anti-microbead norm – that plastic microbeads should be removed from personal care products – has been gaining global influence since 2012; witness the upsurge in anti-microbead activism, public concern, voluntary corporate phasedowns and governmental bans. By 2018, the world was on track to eliminate microbeads from ‘rinse-off’ products within a decade, reducing microplastics flowing into oceans by 1–2%. This confirms the power of environmental norms, but how and why this phaseout is occurring – unequally across jurisdictions, with firms creating loopholes, missing deadlines and limiting the scope of reforms – also reveals innate weaknesses of bottom-up, ad hoc norm diffusion as a way of improving marine governance. These weaknesses are heightened when economic stakes are high, solutions are complex and costly, authority is fragmented across jurisdictions and corporate resistance is strong.     

A study on marine industry and environment of China: regarding Japan’s experience

China is facing the challenge of many marine environment problems with rapid economic growth. Japan had experienced similar marine environmental pressure during its industrialization and had been facing the problem through successful environment policy step by step. The paper reviews the lessons and experiences of Japan’s marine environment protection and analyzes the marine environment pollution in China and its causes, taking Shandong province as a case, such as GDP-oriented economic growth, heavy coal assumption, etc. The paper also analyzes the marine industry with focuses on coastal tourism and its relationship with marine environment. Suggestions on polices are provided based on the analysis on China’ marine environment and Japan’s experience.     

广州海洋观测网规划建设及观测数据应用探讨

阐述了广州海洋观测网建设的迫切性和必要性,对海洋观测网建设在海洋防灾减灾、海岸工程建设及海水养殖等方面的重要意义进行了分析说明。总结广州市海洋观测网建设现状和成果,并利用已有观测数据对2017年台风^“天鸽^”和^“帕卡^”期间广州海域水文气象特征、2015—2017年枯水期咸潮入侵特征进行了分析。研究表明, 现有观测数据对台风和咸潮活动均具有较明显的反应,且对海洋防灾减灾工作具有重要的意义;为更有效地利用已有观测数据,将观测数据价值最大化,对观测网建设及运行过程中观测工作机制及业务化流程、数据质量控制、观测站布设合理性以及数据应用分析这几个方面存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了广州海洋观测网的优化、改进措施及未来发展方向。     

Contamination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in a typical marine aquaculture farm: source tracking of ARGs in reared aquatic organisms

Abstract

Although the prevalence and concentrations of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquaculture is receiving increasing scientific interest, there is little understanding of the direct sources and dissemination pathways of ARGs in marine aquaculture-reared organisms. This study investigated the dynamics of ARGs and the bacterial community throughout the rearing period in a typical marine aquaculture farm in South China. The results demonstrated that sul1 and qnrD were predominant in the sediment, and qnrD and qnrA were predominant in the intestinal tracts of shrimps. Network analysis showed that the chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, suspended solids, and total phosphorus were positively correlated with the predominant ARGs. The results of the network and source tracking analyses indicate that environmental factors and the bacterial community may drive the dissemination of ARGs dissemination in the environment and in shrimp reared by marine aquaculture, and sediment is the most direct and important medium in this dissemination. These results aid in improving our understanding of the sources, level, and dissemination of ARGs in marine aquaculture.