基于风险指引的核电厂设计改进评价研究

核电厂概率安全评价(PSA)可以论证核电厂的风险满足安全目标,也是对运行核电厂进行风险管理的有效工具,例如核电厂的在役检查、安全分级、技术规格书优化等。核电厂的风险指引管理是在确定论的基础上,充分利用概率安全评价的结果进行风险影响评价,以此来论证决策的合理性。核电厂的重要设计改进通常基于传统的工程分析结果,没有分析其对核电厂整体风险的影响。重点探讨风险指引决策的基本原则以及方法,以核电厂设计改进实例探讨如何在分析时引入风险指引方法,并提出相关建议。     

典型北方滨海核电厂温排水混合区边缘温升限值研究

随着我国电力事业的快速发展,电厂循环冷却水(温排水)的余热排放对受纳水体生态环境造成的负面热影响(即热污染)已日益引起社会关注。基于国内现有的温排水排放控制标准可执行性不强的现状,对我国电厂温排水的热污染控制标准的基础技术要素——温排水混合区边缘温升限值进行了研究。以我国北方某典型滨海核电厂址邻近海域的代表性海洋生物为研究对象,以各季节不同受试物种最大临界温度(CTM)的统计分析结果,作为确定该厂址温排水混合区边缘温升限值的主要依据。并结合法规调研法,最终确定该典型滨海核电厂址温排水混合区边缘温升限值的推荐值为3.6℃。     

节能环保产业发展现状剖析对中国的启示与研究

随着全球经济的飞速发展,经济受资源和环境约束的矛盾接近临界。而人们对环境质量的需求不断上升,在此大背景下,节能环保产业应运而生。在介绍国际节能环保产业和分析中国节能环保产业现状的基础上,分析融资渠道不够畅通,市场活力有待激发,资本市场亟待完善,产业创业还需推进等一系列制约中国节能环保产业发展的问题,并从理清管理体制,畅通融资渠道,健全资本市场,推进产业创业等方面给出了建议。     

不同排放标准下的燃煤电厂烟囱高度与落地浓度关系研究

燃煤电厂全面实施超低排放后,烟气污染物排放浓度及落地浓度得到较大程度降低,是否仍需采用高烟囱排放已引起各方关注.以西北某电厂为例,采用SCREEN3估算模式,对烟气污染物执行超低排放、特别排放及一般排放限值时,不同烟囱高度对应的最大落地浓度及落地距离进行预测.结果表明,执行超低排放限值后,SO2、NO2和PM10的最大落地浓度均显著降低,落地距离不发生变化;最大落地浓度受烟囱高度的影响较小,通过增加烟囱高度降低污染物落地浓度的效益不显著.     

火电行业"十三五"主要大气污染物减排潜力情景分析研究

火电行业是总量减排的重点行业,也是主要大气污染物削减量的首要贡献者,其主要大气污染物排放量的削减抵消了其他行业的排放增长,为"十二五"全国减排任务的完成做出了重大贡献.本研究在火电行业主要大气污染物排放控制现状分析的基础上,结合火电行业技术政策措施要求,对火电行业"十三五"新增排放量进行了预测,并设置基于技术可行、排放标准以及超低排放三套减排情景,测算"十三五"减排潜力,评估火电行业"十三五"减排空间,对全国及各省火电行业减排形势提出了相应的意见和建议.     

"电能替代"是治理城市雾霾的重要途径探讨

城市雾霾已经严重影响城市居民的正常生活与工作.研究表明,传统化石燃料在城市及其周边地区终端用户中直接使用是产生城市雾霾的主要原因.为了治理城市雾霾,国家和地方各级政府以及有关单位出台了一系列政策和行动方案.其中,利用绿色能源电能,在生产和生活中,代替传统化石能源,这一方案在城市终端用户中都可以大面积使用电能替代,是阻止城市雾霾的重要举措,电能替代不仅可以有效缓解城市雾霾,还可以提高城市智能化水平,是未来城市发展的重要趋势.     

The acceptability of wind farms: the impact of public participation

The planning process for wind farm projects appears to be a complicated matter in many cases. Despite the positive attitude towards wind power in general, local wind farm projects often face strong opposition. The aim of this study is to shed more light on residents’ perceptions of participation in the planning process of wind farms. This study is based on interview data (N?=?22) and survey data (N?=?291) collected from residents living near two Finnish large-scale onshore wind farms built about 1.5 years before the data were collected. The results indicate that residents’ participation in the planning process was rather passive and the vast majority of the respondents perceived that they did not have an opportunity to participate. Quite interestingly, perceived participation in the planning process resulted in a decrease in acceptability in terms of perceived well-being. Furthermore, the results indicate that the need for participation does not expire after the planning process for a wind farm has concluded. Thus, project developers should be prepared to continue communication with residents after the planning phase.     

Improving the dynamic response of frequency and power in a wind integrated power system by optimal design of compensated superconducting magnetic energy storage

The frequency deviation and power fluctuation need to be controlled in a wind-integrated power system (WIPS) for keeping the balance between system power generation and demand, which support the quality and stability of overall power system. The present paper addresses this problem while concerning the integration of intermittent wind power and load disturbance into the WIPS. With this intent, it proposes the compensated superconducting magnetic energy storage (CSMES) system with proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for improving the frequency and power deviation profile. A novel swarm intelligence-based artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is used for optimal design of PID-CSMES system. Robustness of the proposed ABC-based PID-CSMES control strategy is tested in WIPS under various disturbance patterns of load and wind power. To demonstrate the improved dynamic response, their simulation results are compared with particle swarm optimization-based PID-CSMES, PID with SMES, and only PID controller technique. The performance indices and transient response characteristics of frequency and power deviation are used to evaluate and compare the accuracy and efficiency of each controller. Stability of various system configurations is analyzed using eigenvalue location. Comparing the results of different controller in WIPS indicates a substantial improvement in the dynamic response of system frequency and power deviations by utilizing the proposed control strategy.     

Measuring the welfare cost of air pollution in Shanghai: evidence from the housing market

The purpose of this study is to quantify the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for clean air in China. We provide the first estimate of MWTP for clean air by implementing a hedonic method using housing price and air quality data from Shanghai. Our estimates imply that air pollution has a significant and negative impact on housing price. We also find that the willingness to pay for better air quality varies significantly across different income groups. This paper helps to deepen our understanding of the economic impacts of air pollution in emerging Asian metropolises where residents are suffering from the most severe respiratory health problems.     

Historical spatial reconstruction of a spawning‐aggregation fishery

Aggregations of individual animals that form for breeding purposes are a critical ecological process for many species, yet these aggregations are inherently vulnerable to exploitation. Studies of the decline of exploited populations that form breeding aggregations tend to focus on catch rate and thus often overlook reductions in geographic range. We tested the hypothesis that catch rate and site occupancy of exploited fish‐spawning aggregations (FSAs) decline in synchrony over time. We used the Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) spawning‐aggregation fishery in the Great Barrier Reef as a case study. Data were compiled from historical newspaper archives, fisher knowledge, and contemporary fishery logbooks to reconstruct catch rates and exploitation trends from the inception of the fishery. Our fine‐scale analysis of catch and effort data spanned 103 years (1911–2013) and revealed a spatial expansion of fishing effort. Effort shifted offshore at a rate of 9.4 nm/decade, and 2.9 newly targeted FSAs were reported/decade. Spatial expansion of effort masked the sequential exploitation, commercial extinction, and loss of 70% of exploited FSAs. After standardizing for improvements in technological innovations, average catch rates declined by 90.5% from 1934 to 2011 (from 119.4 to 11.41 fish/vessel/trip). Mean catch rate of Spanish mackerel and occupancy of exploited mackerel FSAs were not significantly related. Our study revealed a special kind of shifting spatial baseline in which a contraction in exploited FSAs occurred undetected. Knowledge of temporally and spatially explicit information on FSAs can be relevant for the conservation and management of FSA species.