村镇污水治理的市场化理论与模式

村镇污水治理属于农村环境保护的基础设施建设,需要巨额资金的投入,单靠政府财政补助很难进行。因此,建立村镇污水治理市场,引入投融资机制,就成为政府的必然选择。运用新公共管理理论,把村镇污水治理分为供给与生产两个过程,政府通过公共决策和监管保障供给,生产则实行市场化,以解决村镇污水治理的资金来源,提升运营和资金使用效率。结合中国的具体实际,探讨了适宜于中国村镇污水治理的供排水一体化、管理合同和DBO三种市场化模式。     

Reach and messages of the world's largest ivory burn

Recent increases in ivory poaching have depressed African elephant populations. Successful enforcement has led to ivory stockpiling. Stockpile destruction is becoming increasingly popular, and most destruction has occurred in the last 5 years. Ivory destruction is intended to send a strong message against ivory consumption, both in promoting a taboo on ivory use and catalyzing policy change. However, there has been no effort to establish the distribution and extent of media reporting on ivory destruction events globally. We analyzed media coverage of the largest ivory destruction event in history (Kenya, 30 April 2016) across 11 nation states connected to ivory trade. We used an online‐media crawling tool to search online media outlets and subjected 5 of the largest print newspapers (by circulation) in 5 nations of interest to content analysis. Most online news on the ivory burn came from the United States (81% of 1944 articles), whereas most of the print news articles came from Kenya (61% of 157 articles). Eighty‐six to 97% of all online articles reported the burn as a positive conservation action, whereas 4–50% discussed ivory burning as having a negative impact on elephant conservation. Most articles discussed law enforcement and trade bans as effective for elephant conservation. There was more relative search interest globally in the 2016 Kenyan ivory burn than any other burn in 5 years. Ours is the first attempt to track the reach of media coverage relative to an ivory burn and provides a case study in tracking the effects of a conservation‐marketing event.     

Characterizing efforts to reduce consumer demand for wildlife products

The unsustainable trade in wildlife is a key threat to Earth's biodiversity. Efforts to mitigate this threat have traditionally focused on regulation and enforcement, and there is a growing interest in campaigns to reduce consumer demand for wildlife products. We aimed to characterize these behavior-change campaigns and the evidence of their impacts. We searched peer-reviewed and grey literature repositories and over 200 institutional websites to retrieve information on demand-reduction campaigns. We found 236 campaigns, mainly in the grey literature. Since the 1970s, the number of campaigns increased, although for over 15% a start date could not be found. Asia was the primary focus, although at the national level the United States was where most campaigns took place. Campaigns most often focused on a single species of mammal; other vertebrates groups, with the exception of sharks, received limited attention. Many campaigns focused on broad themes, such as the wildlife trade in general or seafood. Thirty-seven percent of campaigns reported some information on their inputs, 98% on strategies, 70% on outputs, 37% on outcomes (i.e., changes in the target audience), and 9% on impacts (i.e., biological changes or threat reduction). Information on outcomes and impacts was largely anecdotal or based on research designs that are at a high risk of bias, such as pre- and postcampaign comparisons. It was unclear whether demand-reduction campaigns had direct behavioral or biological impacts. The lack of robust impact evaluation made it difficult to draw insights to inform future efforts, a crucial part of effectively addressing complex issues, such as the wildlife trade. If demand-reduction campaigns are to become a cornerstone of the efforts to mitigate the unsustainable trade in wildlife, conservationists need to adopt more rigorous impact evaluation and a more collaborative approach that fosters the sharing of data and insights.     

Audience segmentation to improve targeting of conservation interventions for hunters

Audience segmentation could help improve the effectiveness of conservation interventions. Marketers use audience segmentation to define the target audience of a campaign. The technique involves subdividing a general population into groups that share similar profiles, such as sociodemographic or behavioral characteristics. Interventions are then designed to target the group or groups of interest. We explored the potential of audience segmentation for use in defining conservation target groups with a case study of hunters in Liberia. Using 2 data sets describing households (n = 476) and hunters (n = 205), we applied a clustering method in which infinite binomial mixture models group hunters and households according to livelihood and behavior variables and a simple method to define target groups based on hunting impact (hunting households and high-impact hunters). Clusters of hunters and households differed in their experiences with confiscation of catch at roadblocks and participation in livelihood-support programs, indicating that these interventions operate unevenly across subsets of the population. By contrast, the simple method masked these insights because profiles of hunting households and high-impact hunters were similar to those of the general population. Clustering results could be used to guide the development of livelihood and regulatory interventions. For example, a commonly promoted agricultural activity, cocoa farming, was practiced by only 2% (out of 87) of the largest hunter cluster of nonlocal gun hunters but was prevalent among local trappers, suggesting that assistance aimed at cocoa farmers is less appropriate for the former group. Our results support the use of audience segmentation across multiple variables to improve targeted intervention designs in conservation.     

高尔夫俱乐部零售营销模式研究

虽然高尔夫运动在我国起步较晚,但是近几年发展迅猛。就高尔夫在我国的营销模式进行了分析,总结了传统的营销模式,分析了当前我国高尔夫俱乐部营销存在的三大误区,即注重硬件设施忽视企业文化,注重单一产品忽视资源整合,注重销售工作忽视市场推广;提出了零售营销模式,以期为高尔夫俱乐部发展提供可行性建议。     

高等职业教育领域中市场营销理念引入和应用研究

目前我国高等职业教育面临着严峻的就业压力,教育部提出要以就业为导向进行高等职业教育改革。高等职业教育要面向市场,就应该以市场机制来调节和引导,运用市场规律来发展,把市场营销观念引入到高等职业教育中来。高等职业教育实施单位必须以市场需求为中心,充分运用市场机制,转变思想,树立市场营销观念,才能保证正确确定目标市场的需要和欲望,并且比竞争对手更有效地让渡目标市场所期望的价值,形成核心竞争力,真正解决就业问题。     

湖南邵东县黄花菜资源的开发研究

本文分析了湖南省邵东县黄花菜生产的优良生态条件和社会经济条件，指出了生产与经营上的缺陷，揭示了进一步开发的潜力及广阔的营销前景，提出了合理开发的建议。     

一类市场营销调控模型研究

利用最优控制充分条件 ,对一类市场营销最优控制模型进行了分析研究 ,最后改进并得出了与实际相符的市场营销调控模型 ,为企业最优广告策略和最优寿命提供了决策支持信息。     

高职院校市场营销专业工学结合典型案例研究

通过对中国环境管理干部学院市场营销专业与北京2688电子商务有限公司开展的校企合作项目典型案例进行分析,指出该项目通过将企业真实任务引入校园市场,构建了基于完整工作流程的市场营销专业实践教学体系,并且打通了校内实践教学、顶岗实习与就业的人才培养通道,真正意义上实现了“订单式”培养。     

基于多群组结构方程模型的绿色价值结构研究

绿色价值结构是"人与自然和谐发展"这一价值理念影响下的消费者消费价值观的结构要素。首先回顾了绿色价值结构的相关文献,提出了绿色价值结构的假设模型,设计并开展了以绿色化妆品为主题的面向女性消费者的问卷调查;然后用SPSS13.0对581份有效问卷数据进行了信度和效度检验以及探索性因子分析,并用AMOS17.0对假设模型和调查数据进行了结构方程模型的拟合和检验;最后分析了不同群组消费者的结构方程模型拟合参数的特点。研究结果表明:当前消费者的绿色价值结构主要由消费者的安全价值、环境价值、审美价值和社交价值构成;在这些消费者价值中,年轻消费者群体和低收入消费者群体的安全价值受到绿色价值理念的影响比较突出,高收入水平、高受教育水平以及年龄比较大的消费群体的环境价值受到绿色价值理念的影响比较明显,低学历消费者群体和年轻消费者群体的社交价值则比较容易受到绿色价值理念的影响。