热带海洋大气环境下X70管线钢的缝隙腐蚀行为研究

目的研究X70管线钢在热带海洋大气实海环境下的缝隙腐蚀行为。方法在距离湛江东海岛海岸50m和200 m处分别搭建楔型缝隙模型,安装大气环境Cl-收集装置和自动气象监测站。结果距离海岸越近,风速越大,大气中Cl-沉降速率也越大,X70管线钢缝隙腐蚀越严重。X70管线钢在距离海岸50 m处发生缝隙腐蚀的最大缝宽约为0.96 mm,200 m处最大缝宽约为3.75 mm,50 m处缝隙腐蚀更严重。结论缝隙腐蚀区域形成了氧浓差电池,同时随着缝隙液中Cl-向缝隙内迁移,发生闭塞区电池自催化过程,在二者共同作用下,缝隙腐蚀区域较非缝隙腐蚀区域腐蚀更严重。     

长江重庆主城段地表水中有机锡赋存特征、时间变化及风险评估

为了解AFS公约执行10年后长江重庆主城段水环境中有机锡污染情况,以重庆主城段长江及其支流嘉陵江为研究区域,于2020年10月采集重庆主城段各码头水域地表水水样,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定了地表水中丁基锡和苯基锡浓度,分析了水环境中三丁基锡（TBT）、三苯基锡（TPhT）及其降解产物的组成和分布特征.结果表明：研究区域地表水环境中同时检测到了TBT、TPhT及其降解产物一丁基锡（MBT）、二丁基锡（DBT）、一苯基锡（MPhT）和二苯基锡（DPhT）;长江重庆主城段地表水中有机锡浓度近年来整体呈先下降后趋于平稳的趋势,尽管少数点位仍有新的TBT和TPhT输入,但绝大多数点位的TBT和TPhT已发生降解.生态风险评估结果表明,长江重庆主城段水环境中TBT和TPhT在部分水域可能会对水生生物产生生态风险.     

光照与磷对铜绿微囊藻生长的交互作用

采用单种分批培养的方法研究了光照与磷对铜绿微囊藻比生长速率、细胞叶绿素a和P含量的交互作用。通过光照强度和培养基P浓度的双因素试验设计,设置了4种培养基P浓度,每种P浓度下又设置了6种光照强度。结果显示:铜绿微囊藻生长的饱和光照强度为40～100μmol(/m·2s),培养基P浓度对其生长速率的影响符合Monod方程;随着光照增强,细胞叶绿素a含量呈下降趋势;提高P浓度,细胞叶绿素a含量会升高,但在较低P浓度下,铜绿微囊藻也能维持一定的细胞叶绿素a含量;细胞P含量的变化趋势与比生长速率的变化趋势相似。因此,光照和P浓度对铜绿微囊藻的生长、细胞叶绿素a和P含量均存在交互作用,且微囊藻生长变化与另外两种特征变化存在一定的关联。     

Parameterization of Albedo over Heterogeneous Surfaces in Coupled Land-Atmosphere Schemes for Environmental Modeling. Part I: Theoretical Background

In grid-based environmental models, the underlying surface consists of patches of solid and liquid parts and different plant communities, creating a very heterogeneous picture in the grid cell. In these cases, numerical modelers usually use a simple arithmetic average to determine the grid-cell albedo, a key variable in the parameterization of the land-surface radiative transfer over the grid cell. The object of this paper is to consider the assumptions for aggregating the albedo over a very heterogeneous surface where various surfaces occur at different heights, and, then propose a method for deriving a general expression for it. The suggested expression for the albedo is compared with the conventional approach, for the two-patches grid-cell with a simple geometrical distribution and different heights of its components. A numerical test is performed to compare the two approaches by numerical simulation of the evolution of the surface temperature over the particular grid-cell. Specifically, a one-dimensional land-surface model was applied to an isolated rocky grid-cell with a hole in the center; the model was forced with meteorological observations taken on July 17, 1999 in Philadelphia, PA.     

人群疏散行为仿真技术研究

提出并建立了一种人群疏散仿真模型.针对疏散空间中障碍物的动态布局,采用网格法获得各障碍物包围盒坐标,依据最短路径原则采用几何法确定每个个体起始疏散路径,解决了人群疏散的空间连续性问题.针对人群疏散时个体之间的差异性,依据个体与个体之间的作用力、摩擦力动态改变个体的行进方向,以及依据人群密度采用人群疏散速度模型实时确定每个个体的运动速度,解决了个体之间的动态避碰、绕行和超越等问题.针对人群疏散时多个出口的选择问题,提出了把出口拥挤状态与个体心理慌乱状态相结合的出口选择方法.最后采用粒子系统实现了上述人群疏散行为的二维仿真并取得了较好的效果.     

双效精馏-吸附联合工艺处理DMF废水

提出以双效精馏-吸附联合工艺处理DMF废水。采用双效精馏将DMF废水中的DMF回收为99.8%以上的产品;采用大孔树脂对双效精馏后产生的少量DMA和DMF进行吸附,使其达到国家排放标准,并例举了该工艺在工程上的应用实例。     

沙漠绿洲的开发与环境变化的相互影响

干旱区的农业活动、特别是沙漠绿洲的开发,改变了地-气系统的能量交换。几年来的沙漠绿洲气候与防风林的研究、气候资料的分析和实地考察表明,中国西部干旱区最近４３年来的沙漠绿洲开发已改变着那里的局地气候环境,使其向有利于人类和农业的方向发展着。在沙漠绿洲的开发利用与局地环境变化之间,存在着两种截然相反的反馈作用：环境变好→绿洲发展→环境更好→绿洲再发展;环境恶化→绿洲退化→环境更坏→绿洲再退化,甚至消失。决定这两种反馈作用的是大环境的变迁和绿洲开发利用中是否合理利用资源和按自然规律办事。     

The prediction of safe lifting behavior: an application of the theory of planned behavior

PROBLEM: Injuries resulting from lifting are costly, and create significant pain and discomfort. While engineering controls are the most effective means of reducing risks, most organizations continue to rely on manual lifting techniques. The problem, however, is that the use of safe-lifting techniques is inconsistent and managers have a difficult time motivating use of these techniques. Consequently, it is important to understand the factors driving safe-lifting behaviors. METHODS: This study used a survey to apply the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen., I., 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organization Behavior and Human Processes, 50, 179-211) to safe-lifting among 136 materials management employees at a heavy manufacturing organization. Structural equation modeling and factor analysis were employed to analyze relationships among constructs. RESULTS: Results revealed that perceived behavioral control and intention were the strongest predictors of safe-lifting behavior. Subjective norms, to a lesser degree, were also important influences on intention. Attitudes did not surface as effective direct predictors of safe-lifting behavior, but did affect behavior and intent via mediating factors (subjective norms and perceived behavioral control). Finally, the theory of planned behavior was supported as an effective model explaining safe-lifting behavior, and had potential application for many other safety-related behaviors. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Results from this study emphasize the importance of perceived behavioral control as a factor associated with safety-related behavior.     

升温速率对医疗垃圾热解机理的影响

用TGA-DTA差热失重联用分析仪研究升温速率对输液瓶、一次性医用手套、敷料内心和白鼠肌肉4种典型医疗垃圾热解过程的影响规律.结果表明:在其他试验条件都相同的情况下,随着升温速率的提高,热解反应起始温度、终止温度、峰温升高,反应区间ΔT变宽,发生最大热失重速率的温度也升高,热失重峰的峰高也随之增加;升温速率对热失重率的影响随医疗垃圾种类而不同,对较难分解的医疗垃圾（如敷料内心和白鼠肌肉等）影响大,对容易分解的医疗垃圾（如输液瓶和一次性医用手套等）影响较小.