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21.
The study was prepared in 1966 for the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of the Interior, for presentation to the United States Army Corps of Engineers which had under study several routes for rediversion of the discharge from the Santee-Cooper Hydro Electric Plant, Steam Plant and Lock. Each rediversion was designed to by-pass the Charleston Harbor and this study and report was concerned with one of those routes–Rediversion Route “B.” The channel was to be designed for a maximum fresh-water flow of 27,500 cfs and a mean flow of 15,500 cfs. The objectives of the study and report were to make an estimate of: (1) the geographical extent of salt marsh waters of which the salinity will be measurably reduced, and (2) the probable accumulation of fresh-water borne sediments in those same waters. Special consultants were Dr. F. H. Kellogg, Memphis State University, and Mr. K. L. Drennan, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Mississippi. 相似文献
22.
A. J. van der Graaf D. Bos M. J. J. E. Loonen M. Engelmoer R. H. Drent 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2002,8(2):179-188
We studied the impact of livestock grazing on the distribution ofBranta bernicla bernicla (Dark-bellied Brent goose) in the Dutch Wadden Sea during spring. It was hypothesized that livestock facilitate short-term
(within-season) grazing for geese as well as long-term (over years). Therefore we measured grazing pressure by geese in salt
marsh and polder areas that were either grazed (spring-grazed) or ungrazed during spring (summer-grazed). Additionally, we
carried out a preference experiment with captive geese to test the preference between spring-grazed and summer-grazed polder
swards. We furthermore compared patterns of use by geese between long-term ungrazed and grazed salt marshes.
In May, there is a difference in grazing pressure by geese between polder pastures that are grazed or ungrazed during spring.
In this month, the ungrazed polder pastures are abandoned and the geese shift to either the grazed polder pastures or to the
salt marsh. Vegetation in the polder that had been spring-grazed had a lower canopy height and a higher tiller density than
summer-grazed vegetation. The captive geese in the preference experiment showed a clear preference for vegetation that had
been spring-grazed by sheep over ungrazed vegetation. Goose grazing pressure was negatively correlated to canopy height, both
on the polder and on the salt marsh. Within the plant communities dominated byFestuca rubra andPuccinellia maritima, marshes that were intensively grazed by livestock generally had higher grazing pressure by geese than long-term ungrazed
or lightly grazed salt marshes. 相似文献
23.
以无尾河下游漫流区———向海地区沼泽湿地为研究对象,通过对沼泽垂直剖面的精细采样,将放射性核素精确计年与重金属污染评价相结合,进行高分辨率剖析。在对其典型剖面沉积物重金属元素进行Al归一化的基础上,应用上下层比较法、富集系数法和地累积指数法3种评价方法对沉积物重金属污染富集水平及污染时序进行分析比较。结果表明,沼泽湿地沉积物表层已明显富集了重金属元素,达一定污染水平,这显示近20a霍林河流域上、中游人类活动对下游湿地的扰动增强。 相似文献
24.
/ Tidal marshes have been actively restored in Connecticut for nearly 20 years, but evaluations of these projects are typically based solely on observations of vegetation change. A formerly impounded valley marsh at the Barn Island Wildlife Management Area is a notable exception; previous research at this site has also included assessments of primary productivity, macroinvertebrates, and use by fishes. To determine the effects of marsh restoration on higher trophic levels, we monitored bird use at five sites within the Barn Island complex, including both restoration and reference marshes. Use by summer bird populations within fixed plots was monitored over two years at all sites. Our principal focus was Impoundment One, a previously impounded valley marsh reopened to full tidal exchange in 1982. This restoration site supported a greater abundance of wetland birds than our other sites, indicating that it is at least equivalent to reference marshes within the same system for this ecological function. Moreover, the species richness of birds and their frequency of occurrence at Impoundment One was greater than at 11 other estuarine marshes in southeastern Connecticut surveyed in a related investigation. A second marsh, under restoration for approximately ten years, appears to be developing in a similar fashion. These results complement previous studies on vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and fish use in this system to show that, over time, the reintroduction of tidal flooding can effectively restore important ecological functions to previously impounded tidal marshes.KEY WORDS: Estuarine; Tidal marsh; Wetland birds; Restoration 相似文献
25.
26.
二氧化钛纳米颗粒(TiO2NPs)的广泛应用使其环境释放量不断增加,从而影响到土壤氮的转化过程.然而,目前关于TiO2NPs对湖滨沼泽土壤氮矿化的影响机制尚不明确.因此,本研究以典型沼泽土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养实验研究不同剂量TiO2NPs处理(0 mg·kg-1(CK)、10 mg·kg-1(A10)、100 mg·kg-1(A100)、250 mg·kg-1(A250)、1000 mg·kg-1(A1000))对土壤理化性质、酶活性和氮矿化过程的影响,探讨TiO2NPs输入对土壤氮矿化过程影响的内在机制.结果表明:①不同剂量TiO2NPs处理显著降低了土壤pH和总有机碳(TOC)含量(p<0.05),A100、A250和A1000处理显著降低了硝态氮(NO3--N)含量(p<0.05).②A250和A1000处理显著抑制了过氧化氢酶活性(p<0.05);培养7 d,不同剂量TiO2NPs处理均显著促进了脲酶活性(p<0.05),抑制了脱氢酶活性(p<0.05);随着培养时间延长,TiO2NPs处理对脲酶和脱氢酶活性的抑制作用逐渐减弱,表明TiO2NPs的负面作用会随时间减弱.③不同剂量TiO2NPs处理对氨化速率没有显著影响(p>0.05),A250、A1000处理对硝化和矿化速率有显著抑制作用(p<0.01).④土壤氮矿化速率与土壤pH、总磷(TP)、NO3--N含量呈显著正相关,与脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关.TiO2NPs主要通过改变沼泽土壤NO3--N含量影响氮矿化过程.本研究可为湖滨湿地保护和TiO2NPs环境风险评估提供理论依据. 相似文献
27.
28.
Salt Marsh Diking and Restoration: Biogeochemical Implications of Altered Wetland Hydrology 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
John W. Portnoy 《Environmental management》1999,24(1):111-120
Experimental short-term desalination and drainage of salt marsh cores in greenhouse microcosms caused Spartina production to increase after one growing season, reflecting decreased salt stress and sulfide toxicity. However, production
thereafter declined, likely due to pyrite oxidation and acidification in drained treatments and sulfide accumulation in waterlogged
treatments.
A survey of longer-term (decadal) effects of diking on peat composition of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, marshes revealed
acidification, Fe(II) mobilization, and decreased organic content in drained sites. Despite the aerobic decomposition of organic
matter, abundant nutrients remained as sorbed NH4 and mineral-bound PO4. In diked, seasonally waterlogged sites, porewater alkalinity, sulfide, ammonium and orthophosphate were much lower, and
organic solids higher, than in adjacent natural marsh.
Seawater was added to cores from diked marshes to study the effects of tidal restoration. Salination of the drained peat increased
porewater pH, alkalinity, ammonium, orthophosphate, Fe, and Al; copious ammonium N, and Fe(II) for sulfide precipitation favored
Spartina growth. Salination of diked–waterlogged peat increased sulfate reduction and caused 6–8 cm of sediment subsidence. The resulting
increase in porewater sulfides and waterlogging decreased vigor of transplanted Spartina alterniflora. Results indicate that seawater restoration should proceed cautiously to avoid nutrient loading of surface waters in drained
sites or sulfide toxicity in diked–waterlogged marshes. 相似文献
29.
互花米草入侵盐沼湿地CH4和N2O排放日变化特征研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)是导致全球气候变暖的2种重要温室气体,探索其源汇及地域排放特征一直是全球变化研究领域的核心内容。CH4和N2O通量的日变化研究是正确估算大时间尺度下CH4和N2O排放量的基础。利用静态箱法原位观测了江苏沿海芦苇(Phragmites australis)、盐蒿(Suada salsa)、光滩、水面以及互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵湿地CH4和N2O排放的日变化特征。结果表明,1)互花米草湿地地上部生物量为1.70 kg·m^-2,土壤有机碳质量分数为13.55 g·kg^-1;分别是芦苇和盐蒿湿地的2.50-3.43和2.15-4.15倍。2)互花米草和芦苇湿地土壤10 cm处氧化还原电位(Eh)有明显日变化,最低值出现在3:00,最高值出现在12:00;光滩和盐蒿湿地没有明显的日变化。3)互花米草湿地 CH4日平均排放通量为0.52 mg·m^-2·h^-1,是其他湿地的2.12-6.40倍;N2O日平均通量为-3.24μg·m^-2·h^-1,显著低于盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面(P<0.05)。互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4排放通量最高值(0.73 mg·m^-2·h^-1和0.30 mg·m^-2·h^-1)出现在15:00,最低值(0.37 mg·m^-2·h^-1和0.17 mg·m^-2·h^-1)出现在3:00,均与土壤孔隙水中CH4浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。互花米草湿地CH4排放通量与10 cm土温、Eh和生态系统CO2净交换量(NEE)显著正相关(P<0.05)。互花米草和芦苇湿地N2O通量9:00-18:00为负值,21:00—6:00为正值,均与NEE呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。盐蒿湿地、光滩和水面CH4和N2O排放通量没有明显日变化特征。互花米草入侵提高了沿海湿地CH4排放,但降低了N2O排放,植物对CH4传输作用以及向根际传输O2和易分解有机物是导致互花米草和芦苇湿地CH4和N2O排放表现出日变化特征的原因。 相似文献
30.
以互花米草为原料,采用中温(35±1)℃批式发酵的方式,考察了NaOH高温碱间歇式处理对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,互花米草一次发酵至产气停止,单位TS产气量为263mL/g,发酵过程中出现酸化现象, pH值最低为5.17.二次发酵原料为一次发酵后的固体残余物,主要组分为可分解有机物以及一些难分解有机物,过程中未出现酸化现象, pH值经短暂下降后很快稳定在7.5左右,累积产气量在一次发酵的基础上提高了46%.互花米草单位TS产气量为383mL/g.消化液中有机酸乙酸含量最大,丙酸和丁酸含量相当. 相似文献