模拟氮沉降对闽江口淡水感潮沼泽湿地CO2、CH4排放通量的短期影响

为了评价氮沉降对我国亚热带河口区淡水感潮沼泽湿地CO_2、CH_4排放通量的影响,在福建闽江口道庆洲淡水感潮短叶茳芏沼泽湿地,设置对照CK[0 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]及3个梯度的氮沉降处理:N1[24 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、N2[48 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]和N3[96 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)],采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定短叶茳芏湿地CO_2、CH_4排放通量,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,(1)与对照相比,N1处理CO_2排放通量增加20.30%,N2处理CO_2排放通量减少10.05%,N3处理CO_2排放通量增加4.06%,除了12月的N2、N3处理CO_2排放通量与对照间有显著差异外(P0.05),其它时间各处理间CO_2排放通量差异性不显著(P0.05).(2)与对照相比,N1处理CH_4排放通量提高64.51%,N2处理CH_4排放通量提高30.23%,N3处理CH_4排放通量提高80.57%,但是各处理间CH_4排放通量的差异性未达到显著水平(P0.05).(3)CO_2、CH_4排放通量与土壤温度具有显著的正线性相关关系(P0.05),与土壤EC、土壤p H的相关性不显著(P0.05).     

外源氮输入对生长季黄河口碱蓬-土壤系统磷分布规律的影响

为研究氮负荷不断增强情况下黄河口湿地磷的生物循环状况,选择黄河入海口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮（N）输入模拟试验,研究不同氮输入梯度[N0（对照处理）,6.0 g/（m2·a）;N1（低氮处理）,9.0 g/（m2·a）;N2（中氮处理）,12.0 g/（m2·a）;N3（高氮处理）,18.0 g/（m2·a）]下生长季碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统中w（TP）分布特征的差异.结果表明:外源氮输入对湿地表层（0~10 cm）土壤中w（TP）变化的影响较为明显,N2和N3处理下w（TP）整体高于N0和N1处理.不同氮处理下植物各器官的w（TP）生长初期表现为根>叶>茎,生长旺期和末期表现为叶>根>茎,说明叶是磷的主要累积器官.外源氮输入改变了碱蓬湿地的养分限制状况,随着氮输入量的增加,土壤和植物-土壤系统磷储量、氮供给的增幅远低于植物亚系统,说明氮、磷之间的养分供给存在不同步性.研究显示,在未来黄河口氮养分负荷不断增加的情况下,碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统极有可能通过加速磷的生物循环来缓解日益加剧的磷养分限制状况,进而使得氮、磷养分之间可能形成正反馈机制,而这将有利于维持湿地系统的稳定与健康.      

闽江河口互花米草与短叶茳芏湿地土壤无机硫形态分布特征及其影响因素

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩不同淹水环境下两条样带(A样带,远离主潮沟且退潮后无积水;B样带,靠近主潮沟且退潮后有积水)上的短叶茳芏湿地和已被互花米草入侵(入侵前为短叶茳芏湿地)的互花米草湿地为研究对象,探讨不同类型湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态的分布特征及其主控因素.结果表明,B样带上互花米草湿地和短叶茳芏湿地土壤中的水溶性硫(H_2O-S)和吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)含量总体上低于A样带,而盐酸可溶性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)和盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则高于A样带.短叶茳芏湿地和互米草湿地土壤中不同形态无机硫的含量在两条样带上整体均表现为HCl-Soluble-SH_2O-SAdsorbed-SHCl-Volatile-S,且二者的总无机硫含量分别占其TS含量的9.02%~15.50%和8.04%~12.73%.与短叶茳芏湿地相比,互花米草入侵分别使A样带土壤中H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S、HCl-Volatile-S和总无机硫含量减少了35.2%、36.4%、16.8%、1.8%和26.12%;但使B样带表层土壤的总无机硫含量及0~20 cm土层的HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量分别增加了8.34%、15.34%和5.71%.研究发现,非长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵后可降低湿地土壤有效硫的供给能力;长期淹水条件下,互花米草入侵可通过提高土壤中HCl-Soluble-S的含量增加金属硫化物沉淀,而挥发性硫含量的同步增加则可能对植被生长(特别是根系发育)产生不利影响.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments di ering in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m2) and CO2 levels (350 and 700 mol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are di ered in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m2). Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.     

闽江河口芦苇和短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地植物-土壤系统氮分布及转运特征的影响

选取闽江河口鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地及二者空间扩展过程中形成的交错带湿地为研究对象,探讨了空间扩展影响下湿地植物-土壤系统氮分布、转运特征及其影响因素.结果表明,空间扩展影响下交错带湿地土壤氮含量发生了较大改变,其全氮（TN）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量相比芦苇湿地分别降低了15.52%和6.08%,但相比短叶茳芏湿地分别增加了20.61%和4.33%;其硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量相比芦苇湿地及短叶茳芏湿地分别降低了5.79%和13.84%.空间扩展主要通过改变植物生态特征、土壤EC及其颗粒组成而对湿地土壤氮的空间分布产生影响.空间扩展影响下湿地植物不同器官的TN含量亦发生了明显变化.相对于空间扩展前的纯群落,空间扩展后交错带芦苇和交错带短叶茳芏各器官的TN含量均明显增加;同时,在空间扩展后的交错带群落中,短叶茳芏各器官的TN含量均高于芦苇,前者主要与交错带植被对悬浮颗粒物拦截作用增强从而导致更多养分输入有关,后者主要与交错带短叶茳芏和芦苇对氮养分吸收与转运能力的差异有关.研究发现,相较于 短叶茳芏,空间扩展过程中的芦苇无论在氮养分吸收利用还是在向地上转运氮养分方面均处于明显优势,而这可能是导致短叶茳芏生态空间逐步被芦苇占据的一个重要因素.     

不同水分条件沼泽湿地土壤轻组有机碳与微生物活性动态

通过野外实验与室内分析,对三江平原生长季内毛果苔草(Carex lasiocapa)沼泽湿地生物量及0~20cm土壤不同有机碳组分进行观测,分析了不同水分条件下毛果苔草湿地土壤轻组有机碳(LFOC)与微生物量碳(MBC)的变化动态.结果表明,随水位增加毛果苔草群落地上生物量积累明显,与10~20cm积水条件相比,17~30cm水位状况下湿地土壤具有较高的轻组有机质含量与比例.生长季初期冻融过程提高了土壤轻组分(LF)有机碳含量与LFOC含量,之后随植物生长毛果苔草沼泽湿地土壤重组有机碳(HFOC)含量增长快于LFOC,说明毛果苔草沼泽湿地土壤具有较高的重组有机质持有能力.此外不同水位条件下毛果苔草沼泽湿地微生物活性受到土壤有机碳含量影响不同,低水位条件下微生物量碳与SOC呈显著正相关关系(R2=0.859),17~30cm水位条件下二者关系不显著,并且高水位毛果苔草沼泽湿地具有较低的MBC与微生物熵,表明该条件下土壤碳库具有较高的稳定性.     

Above- and belowground biomass and nutrient pools of Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) in a South American salt marsh

In order to examine the role of position in the tidal range on biomass production and nutrient pools in Spartina alterniflora in an Argentinian estuary, we estimated productivity, the concentration of C, N and P in tissues and pools (concentration×biomass) of these elements in low (LM) and high (HM) zones. Aboveground biomass of S. alterniflora was higher in HM than in LM. Aboveground primary productivity was 106 and 439 g dry wt m^?2 year^?1 in LM and HM, respectively. Belowground biomass was similar in LM and HM. Belowground primary productivity was 526 and 744 g dry wt m^?2 year^?1 for LM and HM, respectively. Nutrient pools were higher in HM than in LM. Biomass and productivity values were low, which makes nutrient pools low. The lower values of the parameters analysed in LM than in HM indicate that position in the tidal range is an important factor in this system, possibly due to the effect of flooding. Moreover, this pattern is opposite to the general one observed in the northern hemisphere, meaning that studying marshes from different environments is worth doing. Because pools were higher in HM, this zone would be more important for nutrient input to the estuary.     

Historical trends of trace metals in a sediment core from a contaminated tidal salt marsh in San Francisco Bay

Sedimentation of metals preserves historical records of contaminant input from local and regional sources, and measurement of metals in sediment cores can provide information for reconstruction of historical changes in regional water and sediment quality. Sediment core was collected from Stege Marsh located in central San Francisco Bay (California, USA) to investigate the historical input of trace metals. Aluminum-normalized enrichment factors indicate that inputs from anthropogenic sources were predominant over natural input for Ag, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Among these, lead was the most anthropogenically impacted metal with enrichment factors ranging from 32 to 108. Depth profiles and coefficients of variation show that As, Cd, and Se were also influenced by anthropogenic input. The levels of these anthropogenically impacted metals decline gradually towards the surface due to regulation of the use of leaded gasoline, municipal and industrial wastewater discharge control, and closure of point sources on the upland of Stege Marsh. Although trace metal contamination is expected to be continuously declining, the rates of decline have slowed down. For lead, it is estimated to take 44, 82, and 153 years to decrease to probable effects level (112 μg/g), the San Francisco Bay ambient surface sediment level (43.2 μg/g), and the local baseline levels (5 μg/g), respectively. Some metals in surface sediments (0–6 cm) are still higher than sediment quality guidelines such as the probable effects level. To further facilitate the recovery of sediment quality, more efficient management plans need to be developed and implemented to control trace metals from non-point sources such as stormwater runoff.