黄河口典型潮滩湿地土壤净氮矿化与硝化作用

采用PVC顶盖埋管原位培育法研究了黄河口典型潮滩湿地土壤净氮矿化与净硝化作用的动态变化特征、影响因素及净氮矿化/硝化量.结果表明,高潮滩湿地(LW)、中潮滩湿地(JP1)和低潮滩湿地(JP2)0~15cm土壤无机氮含量具有明显的季节变化特征,NH4+-N含量表现为LW＞JP1＞JP2,NO3--N含量则表现为JP1＞LW＞JP2.3种湿地土壤净氮矿化/硝化速率均呈明显的波动变化.生长季的净氮矿化量分别为27.81、11.90和0.33kg/hm2,净硝化量分别为12.09、15.99和1.19kg/hm2,净硝化量占净氮矿化量的百分比分别为43.47%、100.00%和100.00%.相关分析表明,湿地土壤净氮矿化量与土壤水分含量呈显著负相关,而土壤净氮硝化量与土壤pH值呈显著负相关.3种潮滩湿地土壤在维持无机氮方面的能力整体表现为LW＞JP1＞JP2,说明从氮循环角度高潮滩湿地系统最为稳定,而低潮滩湿地系统的稳定性最差.     

Influences of sediment dessication on phosphorus transformations in an intertidal marsh: formation and release of phosphine

This study investigated the effects of sediment dewatering on the phosphorus transformations concerning about the production and emission of phosphine in the intertidal marsh of the Yangtze Estuary. The concentrations of matrix-bound phosphine ranged from 18.62-72.53 ng kg⁻¹ and 31.14-61.22 ng kg⁻¹ within the August and January exposure incubations, respectively. The responses of matrix-bound phosphine concentrations to sediment dessication demonstrate that the production (or accumulation) of matrix-bound phosphine significantly increased with water loss at the start of the emersion incubations. However, further dehydration inhibited the formation of matrix-bound phosphine in sediments. The significant correlations of matrix-bound phosphine with the organic-P bacteria abundance and alkaline phosphatase activities implicate that the production of matrix-bound phosphine within the dessication incubations was linked closely to the microbial decomposition of organic P. The emissions of phosphine generally decreased with sediment dewatering, with the fluxes of 7.51-96.73 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ and 5.34-77.74 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ over the exposure incubations of both August and January, respectively. Also, it is observed that the releases of phosphine during the entire exposure periods were affected not only by its production but also by sediment water and redox conditions.     

不同类型海岸的溢油清理方法

世界石油资源分布和需求的不均衡性,促进了海上石油工业和石油运输业的快速发展,同时也增加了溢油事故的几率.海上溢油污染问题日趋严重,溢油污染对海洋环境、生态、资源、经济及人类生产生活等造成了巨大的影响,日益引起社会各界的关注.海岸溢油污染清理实践表明,正确的溢油清理方案的制定应综合考虑海岸的敏感性指数、溢油的类型、清理方法可能带来的危害以及支际可操作程度等.对包括盐沼地海岸和红树林海岸,沉积海岸,以及岩石海岸三类典型海岸的国内外现有海岸溢油污染清理技术进行了详细的综述,以期为我国的海岸带管理和溢油应急计划的制订提供技术参考.     

Contribution of winter fluxes to the annual CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions from freshwater marshes in the Sanjiang Plain

Introduction C arbon dioxide, m ethane and nitrous oxide play im portant roles in the radiation balance of the earth contributing to the greenhouse effect (Rodhe, 1990). N 2O also takes part in the destruction of stratospheric ozone (W ang, 1999). N atura…     

闽江下游水环境问题浅析

分析闽江下游的水环境问题是:南、北港分流比变化造成北港冲刷,南港淤积,并带来严重后果;河道采砂过量使河床下切严重,破坏水工建筑物;水质存在一些问题,影响生活及工业用水;湿地遭到破坏,导致温地动植物数量与种类大量减少.针对这些问题,提出解决闽江下游水环境问题需要设计南、北港水量科学合理分配方案;设计合理的河道采沙方案;加强污水管理体制;对闽江河口湿地分区保护和管理;加强河道的监测工作;加强公众环境保护教育.要使专家研究、政府管理和提高公众环保意识相结合.     

The Journal of Coastal Conservation, 1995–2004

This paper concludes the publication of theJournal of Coastal Conservation from 1995–2004 after the European Coastal Union and the Publishers decided to terminate the production of the journal. We look back at the 206 research papers published in this period while concentrating on Geographical and ecological variation, Focuses and trends, and Progress in European coastal conservation and management. Three indices are added: (1) a list of the 206 papers; (2) an Author Index; and (3) a Subject Index based on the titles, keywords and some additional important subjects found in the tables and figures.     

模拟Fe (III)和盐水输入对闽江河口潮汐湿地沉积物及间隙水Fe和S含量和形态的影响

河口潮汐湿地沉积物电子受体和盐度的变化将对间隙水、沉积物的地球化学参数及有机碳厌氧矿化途径产生重要影响.本研究于闽江河口塔礁洲淡水野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia L.)湿地原位施加人造海水及Fe(III)溶液,模拟研究了盐水入侵及径流Fe(III)浓度增强对河口潮汐湿地沉积物、间隙水的地球化学参数(溶解性CH4、DOC、DOC∶DON、Fe2+和ΔSO2-4)和沉积物各形态固相铁(非硫Fe(II)、无定形Fe(III)、晶质Fe(III)、Fe S和Fe S2)含量的影响.结果表明,模拟盐水入侵及径流Fe(III)浓度增强均可降低间隙水溶解性CH4和DOC浓度,径流Fe(III)浓度增强增加了非硫Fe(II)和晶质Fe(III)含量,盐水入侵可减小间隙水ΔSO2-4含量.间隙水ΔSO2-4与DOC、DOC∶DON、溶解性CH4及Fe2+浓度相关.模拟盐水入侵及径流Fe(III)浓度增强可分别促进硫酸盐异化还原和铁异化还原速率,同时减小间隙水CH4浓度,改变河口潮汐湿地土壤有机质厌氧矿化优势途径.     

Distribution and conservation status of littoral vascular plant species along the European coasts

A comprehensive list of 1068 typical littoral plant species and subspecies has been composed. They are considered endemic in a wide sense and are subdivided into widespread, transregional, regional and local endemics, the latter three categories being considered as endemics s.s. For each taxon the distribution, habitat preference, endemic status and conservation status are given. The list, which is available upon request, is summarized in a number of figures and tables, from which it appears that 61% of all species are endemics s.s., that ca. 30% of all species are dune and beach species and another nearly 30% are maritime rock species. Species of wet habitats are concentrated in northern and northwestern Europe, dune species in western and southwestern Europe, western Mediterranean and Black Sea. The conservation status of most species is indicated; 37% is considered threatened. It is concluded that the Bern Convention and the European Habitat Directive offer an entirely insufficient framework for effective conservation action. It is suggested to take the present list as a starting point for a geographical/taxonomical/ecological data base of European coastal endemics.     

‘Coastal squeeze’— an historical perspective

The use of salt marsh for agricultural use has probably been going on for thousands of years. This paper will look at the situation in southeast England, particularly the Wash. Here enclosure for extended grazing and over the last several hundred years, for arable cultivation, may have taken place since Roman Times. An enclosure of Freiston Shore salt marsh (1979) and a proposed further enclosure at Gedney Drove End at about the same time raised concerns about the cumulative effect of these developments on nature conservation interests. These concerns prompted the nature conservation agencies to oppose the Gedney Drove End enclosure. Though the conservation argument did not persuade the Government that no further enclosure should take place, economic circumstances changed such that the pressure for the creation of new agricultural land diminished. This marked the end of ‘reclamation’ in the Wash. Since then, in the UK at least, there have been no further enclosures of salt marsh for agriculture. What were the arguments that lead to this change? Up to this point the perceived wisdom, in the Wash at least, was that as enclosure took place new inter-tidal land was created to seaward— with no net loss of inter-tidal land. Today we accept that this is not the case and a policy of managed re-alignment has increasingly been adopted in England, at sites ranging from the Porlock shingle ridge in north Devon to the salt marshes of Freiston in the Wash. It is argued that recognition of ‘coastal squeeze’ probably began in the Wash some 20 years ago. It would appear that we are now witnessing a reversal of this trend. How far will it take us? Will we see a return of the large expanses of tidal swamp around the Wash and elsewhere along the southern North Sea coast? Is this an inevitable consequence of global warming? This paper provides an historical perspective of the issues and arguments that have led us to recognize ‘coastal squeeze’ and the importance of dynamic coast, including the European Commission’s ‘EURosion Project’, which reported in 2004 (Salman et al. 2004).     

沼泽湿地N2O通量特征及N2O与CO2排放间的关系

对三江平原淡水沼泽湿地进行了连续4年的野外原位观测.结果表明,沼泽湿地冬季是N2O的汇,但从全年来看,仍为N2O排放的源.5～8月是N2O排放的主要时期.土壤温度是影响N2O通量季节变化的重要环境因素,生长季内的积水水位和土壤温度则会影响到N2O通量的年际变化;沼泽湿地N2O与CO2排放间相关性显著,促使二者间产生这种内在联系的因素包括温度、植物根系的作用、有机质分解的联系作用以及植物气孔行为的调节.