淡水沼泽湿地泥炭沉积中氮素分布特征

采用冬季采样,现场分层的方法,系统地研究了我国面积最大的淡水沼泽湿地--三江平原沼泽湿地中河床-河漫滩型泥炭地和谷底洼地型泥炭沉积中TN、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的分布特征.结果表明,在不同沉积层中,NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N明显富集于Aso层,TN在Hil层含量最高.TN含量随着泥炭粒级的减小而明显增加,NH₄⁺-N主要分布在粒级0.149～0.074mm的泥炭机械组分中,NO₃^--N主要分布在粒级0.03～0.149mm的泥炭机械组分中.     

Community diversity and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in marsh wetlands in the black soil zone in North-east China

AOA amoA genes in the soils of the two wetlands affiliated with three lineages. The main drivers of AOA community were pH and total organic carbon and ammonium. The soil characteristics rather than the vegetation control the AOA community. Since its first detection, ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) have been proven to be ubiquitous in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, two freshwater marsh wetlands- the Honghe wetland and Qixinghe wetland – in the black soil zone in North-east China were chosen to investigate the AOA community diversity and distribution in wetland soils with different vegetation and depth. In the Honghe wetland, two sampling locations were chosen as the dominant plant transited from Deyeuxia to Carex. In the Qixinghe wetland, one sample location that was dominated by Deyeuxia was chosen. Samples of each location were collected from three different depths, and Illumina MiSeq platform was used to generate the AOA amoA gene archive. The results showed that the AOA amoA genes in the soils of the two wetlands were affiliated with three lineages: Nitrososphaera, Nitrosotalea, and Nitrosopumilus clusters. The different dominant status of these AOA lineages indicated their differences in adapting to acidic habitat, oxygenic/hypoxic alternation, organic matter, and other environmental factors, suggesting high diversity among AOA in marsh soils. The main driver of the AOA community was pH, along with organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen, which also played an important role combined with many other environmental factors. Thus, soil physiochemical characteristics, rather than vegetation, were the main cause of AOA community diversity in the wetlands in the black soil zone in China.     

Does salt marsh fertilization enhance shellfish production? An application of flow analysis

The method of flow analysis, which is similar to economic input-output analysis, is presented as a means of making flow models of ecological systems more useful to environmental managers. This paper considers as an illustration the extent to which nitrogen fertilizer added toSpartina salt marsh sediments can enhance shellfish growth. Nitrogen flow models of both the Barataria Bay salt marsh complex of coastal Louisiana and the Sippewissett Marsh of western Cape Cod are analyzed. The analysis shows the transfer of added nitrogen to shellfish growth viaSpartina growth, decomposition, and detrital feeding to be considerably less efficient than its transfer toSpartina growth itself. These results are similar for both marsh systems, despite their great physical differences and despite the inclusion of considerably more microbial processing of nitrogen in the Barataria Bay model than in the Sippewissett models. The results suggest that the most efficient mechanism by which added nitrogen could enhance shellfish growth in salt marshes may have to bypass the route through theSpartina life cycle.     

Vegetation dynamics in impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon,Florida, USA

Data are presented on the vegetation dynamics of two impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon, in east-central Florida, USA. Vegetation in one of the marshes (IRC 12) was totally eliminated by overflooding and by hypersaline conditions (salinities over 100 ppt) that developed there in 1979 after the culvert connecting the marsh with the lagoon was closed. Over 20% recovery of the herbaceous halophytesSalicornia virginica, S. bigelovii, andBatis maritima was observed at that site after the culvert was reopened in 1982, but total cover in the marsh remains well below the original 75%. No recovery of mangroves was observed at this site. The second site (SLC 24), while remaining isolated from the lagoon during much of the study, did not suffer the complete elimination of vegetation experienced at the first site. At this location, mangroves increased in cover and frequency with a concomitant decrease in herbaceous halophytes. Considerable damage to the vegetation was evident at IRC 12 when the impoundment was closed and flooded for mosquito control in 1986. Although the damage was temporary, its occurrence emphasizes the need of planning and constant monitoring and adjustment of management details as conditions within particular marshes change. Storms and hurricanes may be important in promoting a replacement of black mangroves by red mangroves in closed impoundments because the former cannot tolerate pneumatophore submergence for long periods of time. University of Florida-IFAS Journal Series R-00521.     

Hydrologic modeling as a predictive basis for ecological restoration of salt marshes

Roads, bridges, causeways, impoundments, and dikes in the coastal zone often restrict tidal flow to salt marsh ecosystems. A dike with tide control structures, located at the mouth of the Herring River salt marsh estuarine system (Wellfleet, Massachusetts) since 1908, has effectively restricted tidal exchange, causing changes in marsh vegetation composition, degraded water quality, and reduced abundance of fish and macroinvertebrate communities. Restoration of this estuary by reintroduction of tidal exchange is a feasible management alternative. However, restoration efforts must proceed with caution as residential dwellings and a golf course are located immediately adjacent to and in places within the tidal wetland. A numerical model was developed to predict tide height levels for numerous alternative openings through the Herring River dike. Given these model predictions and knowledge of elevations of flood-prone areas, it becomes possible to make responsible decisions regarding restoration. Moreover, tidal flooding elevations relative to the wetland surface must be known to predict optimum conditions for ecological recovery. The tide height model has a universal role, as demonstrated by successful application at a nearby salt marsh restoration site in Provincetown, Massachusetts. Salt marsh restoration is a valuable management tool toward maintaining and enhancing coastal zone habitat diversity. The tide height model presented in this paper will enable both scientists and resource professionals to assign a degree of predictability when designing salt marsh restoration programs.     

Biogenic silica in intertidal marsh plants and associated sediments

Biogenic silica (BSi) contents in the marsh plants (Phragmites australis, Scirpus mariqueter and Spartina alterniflora) and associated sediments in Chongming Island eastern intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary were determined. The BSi contents in P. australis, S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora varied from 25.78–42.74 mg/g, 5.71–19.53 mg/g and 6.71–8.92 mg/g, respectively. Over the entire growth season, P. australis and S. mariqueter were characterized by linear accumulation patterns of BSi. The aboveground biomass (leaves and culms) of the marsh plants generally contained more BSi than underground biomass (roots). BSi contents were relatively higher in dead plant tissues than in live tissues which was probably due to the decomposition and the leaching of labile components of plant tissues such as organic carbon and nitrogen. Comparing with the habitats of S. mariqueter and S. alterniflora, the highest BSi content was recorded in sediments inhabited by P. australis, with an annual average of 15.69 mg/g. Overall, the intertidal marshes in the Yangtze Estuary may act as a net sink of BSi via plant uptake and sedimentary burial.     

盐沼植物对沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响

通过2007年8月~2008年5月对长江口崇明东滩中部潮间带4个不同植被带沉积物间隙水营养盐进行季节观测来研究盐沼植物对沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响.结果表明,大型植物生长带间隙水的NH4+-N、PO43--P浓度低于光滩,尤其是夏、秋两季NH4+-N的浓度比光滩低1个数量级以上.在植物生长季节,间隙水各种营养盐含量要明显高于冬季,且植物生物量与间隙水氮、磷有明显的相关关系.氮盐受植物的影响最明显,NH4+-N在互花米草与芦苇带分别是44.21、74.38μmol.L-1,明显低于光滩与海三棱草带(分别是340.14、291.87μmol.L-1);NOx--N的浓度比NH4+-N低1~2个数量级,但以芦苇带最高(5.94μmol.L-1).沉积物-水界面分子扩散通量结果表明,潮滩沉积物是上覆水中SiO32--Si、NH4+-N、PO43--P的源,NOx--N(NO3--N、NO2--N的总和)的汇,其中NOx--N从上覆水向沉积物的扩散通量[16.23μmol.(m2.h)-1]大于NH4+-N从沉积物向上覆水的扩散通量[15.53μmol.(m2.h)-1].植物的生长还通过影响沉积物-水界面的物质交换与间隙水中营养盐比值及其与上覆水间营养盐比值,对毗邻富营养化河口生态系统营养盐结构起到调节作用.     

闽江口半咸水沼泽湿地土壤甲烷产生过程及硫酸盐还原对其抑制作用研究

甲烷产生和硫酸盐还原是湿地土壤有机物在厌氧条件下碳矿化的两个重要过程,硫酸盐还原对甲烷产生具有明显的抑制作用.本文以闽江口鳝鱼滩半咸水短叶茳芏沼泽湿地为研究对象,通过室内厌氧培养测定了土壤甲烷产生速率、硫酸盐还原对甲烷产生的抑制速率以及研究其抑制率的垂直分布和季节动态,并运用地统计方法量化了土壤甲烷产生速率、硫酸盐还原对甲烷产生的抑制速率的水平空间格局.短叶茳芏沼泽湿地100 cm深度土壤甲烷产生速率年均值为(0.67±0.33)μg·d-1·g-1(dry weight,dw)硫酸盐还原对甲烷产生的抑制速率均值为(0.87±0.55)μg·d-1·g-1(dw).年尺度上,土壤深度对于甲烷产生速率具有显著的影响(p=0.007),而硫酸盐还原抑制对甲烷产生的抑制速率在不同土壤深度则无显著差异(p=0.472),硫酸盐还原对甲烷产生的抑制率范围为62.6%~66.3%;在100 m2空间范围和1m2空间分辨率情景下,甲烷产生速率及硫酸盐还原对甲烷产生抑制速率的变异系数均超过100%,表现出极强的空间变异性;同时,甲烷产生速率、硫酸盐还原对甲烷产生的抑制速率的块金效应值分别为0.85和0.95,表明空间自相关性极弱.     

潮滩湿地土壤有机碳储量及其与土壤理化因子的关系——以崇明东滩为例

基于上海崇明东滩2013年3月的实测数据,借助ArcGIS软件进行Kriging空间插值,运用SPSS 21.0软件进行相关分析及通径分析,研究了崇明东滩表层30 cm深度土壤有机碳含量以及环境因子的空间分布特征,并对土壤有机碳储量进行了估算.结果表明,崇明东滩表层30 cm深度土壤有机碳密度介于1.02～5.22kg· m-2之间,平均值为2.32 kg·m-2,土壤有机碳储量为1.15×10s kg.土壤有机碳含量、土壤全盐量、含水量和NDVI指数的空间分布规律类似,呈现北高南低、高潮滩高而低潮滩低的趋势.中值粒径和容重的空间分布规律类似,表现为北低南高,高潮滩小于低潮滩.高程和pH值的空间分布规律不明显,空间变异性较小.7项环境因子与土壤有机碳含量都存在显著相关性,其中土壤全盐量是影响崇明东滩表层土壤有机碳含量的最主要因子.     

河口区淡水和微咸水潮汐沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化作用

为探讨河口区淡水和微咸水潮汐沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化作用及影响因素,以分布在闽江口道庆洲上的短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)淡水沼泽湿地和鳝鱼滩上的短叶茳芏微咸水沼泽湿地沉积物为研究对象,运用乙炔抑制培养法测定不同季节的反硝化速率,同时测定沉积物和上覆水理化性质.结果发现,2个短叶茳芏沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化速率均存在明显的季节变化,最高(最低)值分别出现在夏季(秋季)和春季(冬季),温度是影响反硝化速率季节变化的重要因素.道庆洲沉积物反硝化速率((32.72±19.15)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),以N计,下同)显著高于鳝鱼滩((4.97±2.64)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1))(p0.05).沉积物电导率和上覆水SO_4~(2-)含量对河口区潮汐沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化速率具有抑制作用,是造成微咸水沼泽湿地沉积物反硝化速率显著低于淡水沼泽湿地的重要因素.沉积物电导率主要通过抑制沉积物对NH_4~+-N的吸收影响硝化-反硝化耦合作用,进而影响反硝化速率.淡水沼泽湿地反硝化速率对SO_4~(2-)作用的响应较微咸水沼泽湿地更为敏感.