兰州市不同径粒大气颗粒物污染特征及气象因子的影响分析

空气污染程度与就诊率、呼吸道发病率及死亡率等有着密切的联系。兰州市在上世纪末曾被喻为卫星上看不到的城市,它的大气污染程度一直以来为人们所关注。利用2013年国家环保部公布的兰州市5个监测点（涵盖了4区1县）大气细粒子PM10及PM2.5的监测数据,针对全年的日均PM2.5与PM10质量浓度并结合了同期的气象因子进行分析研究,结果表明：春冬季为兰州大气中两种颗粒物的污染的高峰期（春季峰值为3月份,PM10及PM2.5质量浓度的月均值为309和103μg· m-3,超标倍数为1.062与0.436;冬季峰值为11月份,PM10及PM2.5质量浓度的月均值为203和85μg· m-3,超标倍数为0.353与0.7）,夏秋季为低谷（波谷为9月份,PM10及PM2.5的月均值为96和39μg· m-3,均低于国家标准）。PM2.5与PM10质量浓度比值均在0.4与0.5之间,呈一定的线性关系,大气污染较轻。当温度在-3~0℃之间时,大气中PM2.5与PM10质量浓度变化较剧烈。露点温度高于-3.15时,使得PM10的质量浓度下降明显;当日均露点温度高于1.85时,PM2.5的质量浓度随着露点温度的增大而降低,说明湿沉降对着两种粒子的清除作用明显。降水对大气中的两种颗粒物均呈现清除作用,但是在降水后PM10质量浓度迅速回升,但PM2.5质量浓度却变化不大。风向偏西时,大气中细颗粒污染物浓度增加。风速的增加对PM2.5有一定的清除作用,但由于兰州市的地貌特征,使得大气中PM10的质量浓度增加。上述结果为兰州市大气污染的监测与治理及大气污染预报提供了重要的依据。     

Residues of PCDD,PCDF, and PCBs in some marine organisms in Lake Temsah,Ismailia, Egypt

Residues of PCDDs/F, non-ortho, mono-ortho PCBs, and other PCBs were monitored in the tissues of mullet fish, bolti fish, bivalves and crab taken from Lake Temsah, at Ismailia, Egypt.

Results showed that 2,3,7,8 Tetra CDD and 1,2,3,7,8 Penta CDD were the most frequently detected PCDD congeners. Similarly, 2,3,7,8 Tetra CDF, 1,2,3,7,8 Penta CDF and 2,3,4,7,8 Penta CDF were the most frequently detected PCDF congeners. No relationship was apparent between the concentrations of detected PCDDs congeners and the degree of chlorination, except with crab samples in which an increase in the chlorination coincided with a decrease in the concentrations of the congeners.

In PCDF congeners, detected residues have had a reversed relationship with chlorination increase. In PCDD congeners, Octa CDD had the highest detected concentrations in the two fish species, while in the bivalves and crab, 2,3,7,8 Tetra CDD had the highest concentrations. The mullet fish had the highest total PCDDs concentration, at 0.398?pg/g fresh weight, followed by crab at 0.395?pg/g fresh weight, then bivalves and bolti fish at 0.187 and 0.062?pg/g fresh weight, respectively. In all the examined organisms, the total concentrations of PCDFs were much higher than the total concentrations of the PCDD congeners. The WHO–TEQ values were 11.92, 39.12, 25, and 3.6?pg/g fresh weight, for mullet fish, bolti fish, bivlaves and crab, respectively. The concentration of the mono-ortho congeners CB 118 was the highest detected of all non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs congeners, with values of 0.382, 0.022, 0.231 and 0.357?ng/g fresh weight, in mullet fish, bolti fish, bivalves and crab, respectively. The WHO–TEQ concentrations were 0.799, 0.003?pg/g fw, 0.05?pg/g fresh weight, 0.676?pg/g, and 0.799?pg/g fresh weight, for the same species, respectively. The total concentration of PCBs 28, 52, 95, 99, 101, 105, 110, 118, 138, 146, 149, 151, 153, 170, 177, 180, 187 were 6.86?ng/g fresh weight for mullet fish, 0.2?ng/g fresh weight, for bolti fish, 2.72?ng/g fresh weight for bivalves and 2.8?ng/g fresh weight for crab, respectively.     

气相抽提去除红壤中挥发性有机污染物的去污机理探讨

通过探讨土壤气相抽提去除红壤中挥发性有机污染物的去污机理,建立了一维稳态条件下污染物在土壤多孔介质中传质的总微分方程,分别求出了平衡模型和动力学模型的解析解和数值解,并用实验结果对平衡模型和动力学模型进行了模拟和验证.实验结果和模型模拟结果表明理论模型与实验结果吻合良好,平衡模型和动力学模型在描述污染物在土柱通风过程中的传质时,分别适用于不同的阶段.在通风初期平衡模型能够很好地描述实验结果,而随着时间的推移,平衡模型的预测曲线逐渐偏离数据点,到了通风中后期,只有动力学模型才能够较好地描述和预测实验结果.     

亳州中药材及产地土壤和地下水中氟化物含量

分析了毫州典型中药材及产地土壤和地下水中氟化物的含量.结果表明,中药材基地表层土壤全氟平均和水溶性氟含量分别在278.4-625.6 mg·kg-1和5.02-16.3 mg·kg-1之间,均值分别为532.8 mg·kg-1和9.88 mg·kg-1.表层土壤全氟平均含量高于全国土壤总氟背景值(478 mg·kg-1...     

Discovery of emerging organic pollutants in the atmosphere through an omics approach

● We review the framework of discovering emerging pollutants through an omics approach. ● High-resolution MS can digitalize atmospheric samples to full-component data. ● Chemical features and databases can help to translate untargeted data to compounds. ● Biological effect-directed untargeted analyses consider both existence and toxicity. Ambient air pollution, containing numerous known and hitherto unknown compounds, is a major risk factor for public health. The discovery of harmful components is the prerequisite for pollution control; however, this raises a great challenge on recognizing previously unknown species. Here we systematically review the analytical techniques on air pollution in the framework of an omics approach, with a brief introduction on sample preparation and analysis, and in more detail, compounds prioritization and identification. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS, typically coupled with chromatography), the complicated environmental matrix can be digitalized into “full-component” data. A key step to discover emerging compounds is the prioritization of compounds from massive data. Chemical fingerprints, suspect lists and biological effects are the most vital untargeted strategies for comprehensively screening critical and hazardous substances. Afterward, compressed data of compounds can be identified at various confidence levels according to exact mass and the derived molecular formula, MS libraries, and authentic standards. Such an omics approach on full-component data provides a paradigm for discovering emerging air pollutants; nonetheless, new technological advancements of instruments and databases are warranted for further tracking the environmental behaviors, hence to evaluate the health risk of key pollutants.     

气质联用分析加硫酸化污泥中的有机酸

分别采用两种前处理方法分离富集加硫酸化污泥中的有机酸.方法一,利用阴离子交换树脂分离富集有机酸,在不洗脱的情况下直接和乙醇进行酯化反应,然后进行气质联用分析;方法二,利用活性炭纤维吸附型固相微萃取(ACF-SPME)的方法,顶空萃取分离后进行气质联用分析.两种方法的分析结果都未检测到酸化污泥中存在短链的有机酸,只检测到个别长链的和带苯环结构的有机酸.     

水中乙醛和丙烯醛分析方法的对比

对测定水中乙醛和丙烯醛的3种方法——2,4-二硝基苯肼衍生化法、顶空气相色谱法和吹扫捕集一气相色谱质谱法进行概述和总结,并对各方法的试验条件、方法原理、测定影响因素以及效能验证等分析、比对,突出表现各自的优势和特点。用3种方法同时测定实际水样,结果无显著差异,精密度、准确度满足监测要求。     

望虞河西岸九里河中四种除草剂的污染现状

基于气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法结合固相萃取(SPE)前处理技术,建立了水中4种除草剂氯草定、阿特拉津、乙草胺和异丙甲草胺残留的分析方法,于2018年春(4、5月)、秋(9、10月)和冬(1、3月)季对太湖流域望虞河西岸九里河水体中4种除草剂的污染现状进行调查分析。结果表明,4种除草剂的加标回收率为71. 2%～108%,RSD均10%,方法检出限为3. 5～6. 0 ng/L。九里河水体中氯草定、阿特拉津、乙草胺和异丙甲草胺4种除草剂质量浓度分别为未检出～0. 025 7,0. 019 1～1. 19,未检出～0. 026 0和未检出～0. 094 3μg/L。4种除草剂中阿特拉津最高值接近《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)限值,其他3种其值较低,氯草定首次在太湖流域水体中检出。     

不同点火模式下软质聚氨酯泡沫燃烧的实验研究

为研究软质聚氨酯泡沫(FPUF)的燃烧行为对火灾的影响,采用锥形量热仪(CONE)分析FPUF在强制点火和非强制点火模式下的燃烧行为、热释放速率HRR、质量损失速率MLR和燃烧效率η。研究结果表明：当外部辐射≥40 kW/m²时,FPUF在2种点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR均出现2个明显的峰值且η约为88%;当外部辐射<40 kW/m²时,FPUF在非强制点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR曲线趋于单峰形式;FPUF在强制点火模式下燃烧前期为异氰酸酯(TDI)和多元醇的混合燃烧,在非强制点火模式下为TDI的挥发。根据研究结果修正现有燃料组分的热值计算方法,获得FPUF和多元醇的热值分别为(20±2),(28±3) kJ/g。