金川二矿区不良岩层采场巷道片帮冒顶事故树分析

金川矿区是典型的高地应力矿区。矿区构造极为发育 ,围岩稳定性极差 ,使采矿生产存在事故隐患。针对采场巷道顶板围岩或充填体的片冒事故 ,考虑人、机、环境 ,确定三种不同条件下片冒事故的影响因素 ,进行事故树分析 ,计算事故的最小割集、径集以及影响因素的重要度系数 ,为预防片冒事故提供了重要的理论依据     

PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995

PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO₂) scrubber. SO₂ abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO₂ abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO₂ abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K⁺) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K⁺/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning.     

应用化学质量平衡模型解析烟台市污染源的排放贡献率

根据烟台地区污染排放特点,应用化学质量平衡模型（CMB8）进行污染源解析分析,得出每个污染源对于受体地区颗粒物体样本的排放贡献率。最终的模型结果显示,建筑尘和居民烯煤锅炉排放,海洋尘和冶炼厂排放对于大气环境污染也有一定的贡献,以上分析可以为城市污染源治理提供一定的依据。     

异波折板高效水解酸化废水的处理技术

提出了异波折板高效水解酸化废水处理技术.通过水力学措施实现水解酸化系统内湍流涡旋以加速传质,并改善系统内pH值条件以增强微生物活性.试验结果表明,对浓度范围在450～900mg/L之间的溶解性COD的去除率为40%±4%.     

Supply and demand: causes and consequences of assortative mating in common terns <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sterna hirundo</Emphasis>

Although assortative mating is widespread among long-lived monogamous birds, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear in many species. In this study, we analysed assortative mating by age and body mass in the common tern Sterna hirundo with special regard to mate choice decisions of newly paired birds. To assess whether assortative mating by age is an active decision involving either homotypic or directional preferences or rather a passive process due to restricted availability of potential mates, we analysed the influence of age-dependent arrival date and cohort size. Furthermore, we looked for direct benefits in terms of reproductive success. Common terns mated assortatively by age and arrival date but not by body mass at arrival. Assortative mating by age was age dependent and was detected mainly in younger birds, whereas birds older than 8 years rather re-paired with younger ones. The availability of same-aged mates was restricted by cohort size and arrival date. We found no general evidence for better reproductive performance of same-aged pairs. Instead, relative reproductive success was related to own age and the relative age of mate: It should be advantageous for any bird to acquire an old mate; hence, assortative mating by age seems to be beneficial only for old terns but not for young ones. Age-assortative mating in common terns occurred by both passive and active processes, which are not mutually exclusive. Our results do not indicate a homotypic but a directional preference and support the theory that high-quality (older/experienced) individuals tend to mate assortatively if same-aged mates are available, which leaves low-quality (young/inexperienced) individuals to mate among themselves.     

移动床生物膜反应器内气液传质性能研究

采用移动床生物膜反应器,利用清水进行了在不同悬浮填料体积含率和曝气强度时反应器内气液传质性能研究。结果表明,随着曝气强度增加,传质系数增大,但曝气强度过大,并不利于移动床操作;当填料体积含率大于40%时,氧传质系数出现最大值后逐渐减小。在填料体积含率为30%~50%、曝气强度为4.5~7 m3/(h.m)时,传质效果良好,氧转移效率较高。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定叶菜中13种抗生素

建立了超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测叶菜类蔬菜中磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类13种抗生素的分析方法.优化蔬菜基质中抗生素的提取液种类、净化方式、洗脱液种类,以及探讨环境变化和实验条件对实验结果的影响后,确定最优方案为称取500 mg的蔬菜样品,加入20 mL甲醇-Mcllvaine-Na_2EDTA溶液,超声和离心提取3次后,旋转蒸发至20 mL过HLB固相萃取柱.以6 m L甲醇洗脱,收集洗脱液,氮吹近干,用乙腈∶水(体积比2∶8)混合溶液复溶,离心、过滤后采用UPLC-MS/MS进行检测.流动相A相为1‰的甲酸水溶液,B相为乙腈,梯度洗脱.结果显示,小白菜在300ng·g~(-1)加标时,13种抗生素的加标回收率为38. 05%～96. 97%,150 ng·g~(-1)时,加标回收率为34. 52%～111. 10%,50 ng·g~(-1)时,加标回收率为41. 75%～107. 13%,相对偏差RSD值均小于8. 68%.检出限为0. 4～1 ng·g~(-1)、定量限为1. 5～3 ng·g~(-1),在不同种类的叶菜上也表现出较好的提取和回收效率,具有较好的分析应用效果.实际的样品检测发现,4种叶菜不同程度地检测出了抗生素的残留.总的含量范围(以干重计)为1. 59～32. 01 ng·g~(-1).小白菜所含抗生素含量最高,其次为白菜、生菜和芫荽.磺胺二甲基嘧啶为叶菜中含量最高的抗生素种类.各抗生素检测出的含量虽很低,但仍不能忽略长期食用带来的潜在健康风险.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱／质谱法测定水中25种挥发性有机物研究

建立了吹扫捕集与气相色谱／质谱联用测定水中25种挥发性有机物的分析方法。该方法的加标回收率在90％-119％之间,响应因子（RF）的相对标准偏差均小于20％,检出限在0．04μg／L-0．22μg／L之间。该方法具有简单、快速、准确、灵敏,无其他有机物的污染等优点,适用于地表水、地下水和饮用水中挥发性有机物的测定,结果令人满意。     

吹扫捕集气质联用法测定水中4种挥发性有机物

建立了吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱联用法测定水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油的方法,对吹扫时间进行了优化,研究了pH值对吹扫捕集率的影响。结果表明,在pH值为6¹0时,吹扫时间为11 min时吹扫捕集效率最高,用脉冲控制自动进标样的方法绘制工作曲线,曲线相关系数在0.99610时,吹扫时间为11 min时吹扫捕集效率最高,用脉冲控制自动进标样的方法绘制工作曲线,曲线相关系数在0.996⁰.999 9之间,方法的检出限在0.060.999 9之间,方法的检出限在0.06¹.0μg/L之间,相对标准偏差在1.1%1.0μg/L之间,相对标准偏差在1.1%⁶.2%之间,方法具有很好的线性和精密度。方法用于地表水、生活污水和化工废水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油测定,并进行了加标回收实验,地表水回收率在86.8%6.2%之间,方法具有很好的线性和精密度。方法用于地表水、生活污水和化工废水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油测定,并进行了加标回收实验,地表水回收率在86.8%¹12.1%之间,生活污水回收率在91.9%112.1%之间,生活污水回收率在91.9%⁹9%之间,废水回收率在82.2%～104.3%之间,表明方法具很好的准确度,可用于地表水、生活污水和化工废水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油测定。     

自来水处理工艺对溶解相中全氟化合物残留的影响

为探究自来水原水到出厂水各处理环节对自来水中全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)残留的影响,了解原水中PFCs的季节性变化规律,应用WAX固相萃取分离富集与高效液相色谱-质谱联用相结合的方法,分析了深圳市某自来水厂一年间原水、出厂水及絮凝池、沉降池、砂滤池、臭氧+活性炭池出水溶解相中13种PFCs的残留水平.结果表明,原水和出厂水中ΣPFCs残留呈春夏高而秋冬低的趋势,检出的PFCs呈中短链(C≤10)长链(C≥11)的分布,而全氟辛烷磺酸是PFCs最典型残留种态.在原水经过的5个处理环节中,臭氧+活性炭、沉降和砂滤具有PFCs去除效应,然而絮凝和液氯消毒却分别使短链(C≤6)和中链(10≥C≥7)PFCs显著上升,导致出厂水中ΣPFCs浓度较原水增加了10%～44%.但出厂水中PFCs残留远低于其限值,尚不足以影响人体健康.