环境样品中PCBs的测定

本文详细地介绍了应用 ＧＣ／ＭＳ或ＧＣ／ＥＣＤ测定环境样品样中 ＰＣＢＳ的分析方法及样品前处理的方法，并给出了 ３０个行政检查样品的测定结果。     

Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)during summer in Beijing,2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C₃ to C₁₂ alkanes, C₃ to C₁₁ alkenes, C₆ to C₁₂ aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.     

烟道内冲灰水喷雾烟气脱硫过程中传热传质的数值研究

通过数值建模研究了各项参数对喷雾反应段内吸收效率的影响，重点考察了雾滴初始粒径、雾滴初始速度、烟气入口温度、SO2入口浓度、喷雾反应段长度、液气比对吸收效率的影响。研究表明，雾滴初始粒径、SO2入口浓度、喷雾反应段长度、液气比是影响吸收效率的重要因素，而雾滴初始速度、烟气入口温度对吸收效率的影响不大。     

基于支持向量机回归和小波变换的O3预报方法

使用南京工业区2016年6月1日~8月15日的臭氧（O₃）、O₃前体物及常规气象数据，结合多元线性回归（MLR）方法和小波变换（WT）改进支持向量机回归（SVR）对O₃小时浓度的预报精度.结果表明，通过WT方法将一个高变异性的序列转化为多个低变异性的序列后再处理可提高预报精度，M-WT-SVR预报的决定系数（R²）达到0.90，平均绝对误差（MAE）、平均绝对百分误差（MAPE）和均方根误差（RMSE）分别为3.86×10^-9、28.26%和5.57×10^-9，优于M-SVR和SVR.低层细节序列主要与NO、NO₂和芳香烃有关，而更高层的近似序列受到气象条件、前体物和O₃前期浓度共同影响.与经典的MLR方法相比，M-WT-SVR对O₃小时浓度的预报有明显优势.     

热重分析(TG)与质谱分析(MS)联用技术在环境领域应用前景分析

简要介绍了热分析技术发展的一个重要方向--热重-质谱联用技术(TG-MS),在阐述TG-MS的发展历史和联用技术的基础上介绍了国内外科学家利用TG-MS技术在环境保护领域取得的研究成果,并展望了该技术的应用前景.     

VTBR反应器的应用与设计

类似于多个深井曝气池串联起来运行的VTBR反应器具有多种其他反应器不具备的优点,在多个行业(化纤,啤酒,生活污水)废水的工程中取得了成功,该反应器具有较高速率的质量传递,使得溶解氧的效率要比目前的常压耗氧生物曝气法要高得很多;正确的设计是保证工程正常运行成功的关键.     

Detecting ozone and demonstrating its phytotoxicity in forested areas of Poland: a pilot study

Ambient concentrations of ozone (O(3)) were measured and O(3) phytotoxicity to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was demonstrated in several forest locations in Poland during a pilot study from July-October, 1991. At southern and central locations in Poland, the 24-hour average O(3) concentrations measured with a UV absorption photometer were in the range of 32-55 ppb, and the corresponding 1-hour maxima in the range of 39-83 ppb. At these locations longer period (four to fifteen days) average concentrations were determined using O(3) passive samplers (DGA, Inc.) and were reaching 60 ppb, while at Bialowieza in eastern Poland O(3) concentrations averaged less than 40 ppb. In Szarow, near the Niepolomice Forest in southern Poland, 1-hour O(3) maxima estimated from the data obtained using passive samplers were about 105 ppb in early September. At several locations in southern and central Poland, extensive O(3) injury was determined on O(3)-sensitive Bel W-3 tobacco plants; such injury did not occur in the Bialowieza Forest of eastern Poland. The results of this pilot study indicate that O(3) is present at phytotoxic levels in southern and central Poland.     

质量流量比法配制标准气体

介绍了一种利用控制气体质量流量比率的方法配制标准气体的动态配气装置。其特点是所配制的标准气体浓度值不受气温和气压的影响,显示直观,是一种精度高、稳定性好、耐腐蚀并可长期连续供气的配气设备。     

Assessment of interfacial mass transfer in water-unsaturated soils during vapor extraction

This paper presents results of a numerical investigation of soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems at the laboratory scale. The SVE technique is used to remove volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHC) from the water-unsaturated soil zone. The developed numerical model solves equations of flow, transport and interfacial mass transfer regarding an isothermal n-component and three-phase system. The mathematical model is based on a simple pore network and phase distribution model and designed to be scaled by a characteristic length. All mathematical expressions are structured into VCHC specific and VCHC non-specific parameters. Furthermore, indicators are introduced that help to separate thermodynamic equilibrium from thermodynamic non-equilibrium domains and to determine the controlling physical parameters. For numerical solution, the system of partial differential equations is discretized by a finite volume method and an implicit Euler time stepping scheme. Computational effort is reduced notably through techniques that enable spatial and temporal adaptivity, through a standard multigrid method as well as through a problem-oriented sparse-matrix storage concept. Computations are carried out in two dimensions regarding the laboratory experiment of Fischer et al. [Water Resour. Res. 32 (12) 1996 3413]. By varying the characteristic length scale of the pore network and phase distribution model, it is shown that the experimental gas phase concentrations cannot be explained only by the volatility and diffusivity of the VCHC. The computational results suggest a sorption process whose significance grows with the aqueous activity of the less or non-polar organic compounds.     

Reconstructed mass-spectrometric pattern for characterization of carbon compounds in smoker's lung in situ

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke is a major anthropogenic pollutant and contributes to the permanent load of ambient particulate matter in the air, particularly indoors. It is the leading risk factor for premature loss of life due to chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer. Smoker's lung and graphite pneumoconiosis are pathological states characterized by the deposition of carbonaceous particles. METHODS: Mass spectrometry was used to evaluate unstained lung sections obtained in vivo from a heavy smoker and a patient with occupationally acquired graphite pneumoconiosis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The composition of carbon compounds deposited in lung tissue samples is demonstrated here for the first time. Thirty carbonaceous-containing microareas from ten biopsies (three areas per biopsy) of lung tissues were analyzed mass-spectrometrically. In each case, the samples were taken from a smoker's lung or those demonstrating a graphite pneumoconiosis. The lung-tissue samples were selected by light microscopy before they were evaporated for mass spectrometry. First-order criteria were anionic and cationic mass peaks which occur within the mass patterns in lung tissues of smoker's lung, although not in graphite pneumoconiosis. Second-order criteria were mass peaks from smoker's lung with standard deviations SD < or = 14% of the mean value. First and second-order mass peaks matched the mass peaks of experimental cigarette-smoke condensate in 9 out of 11 peaks. A software program was developed that enabled fast, automated recognition of the typical mass peaks, and thereby confirmed the histological diagnosis of smoker's lung. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of carbonaceous particles within lung biopsies from a heavy smoker corresponded to the spectra of tobacco condensate and not to the investigated biopsies of graphite peneumoconiosis. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The analyses were performed in order to find out whether mass-spectrometric criteria exist for the differentiation of carbonaceous lung-tissue deposits. Mass spectrometry may be a valuable tool in determining the composition of carbon compounds deposited in human lung tissue. So far, qualitative assessment of the composition of deposits in lung tissue is only possible after the patient is deceased (autopsy).