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621.
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke is a major anthropogenic pollutant and contributes to the permanent load of ambient particulate matter in the air, particularly indoors. It is the leading risk factor for premature loss of life due to chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer. Smoker's lung and graphite pneumoconiosis are pathological states characterized by the deposition of carbonaceous particles. METHODS: Mass spectrometry was used to evaluate unstained lung sections obtained in vivo from a heavy smoker and a patient with occupationally acquired graphite pneumoconiosis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The composition of carbon compounds deposited in lung tissue samples is demonstrated here for the first time. Thirty carbonaceous-containing microareas from ten biopsies (three areas per biopsy) of lung tissues were analyzed mass-spectrometrically. In each case, the samples were taken from a smoker's lung or those demonstrating a graphite pneumoconiosis. The lung-tissue samples were selected by light microscopy before they were evaporated for mass spectrometry. First-order criteria were anionic and cationic mass peaks which occur within the mass patterns in lung tissues of smoker's lung, although not in graphite pneumoconiosis. Second-order criteria were mass peaks from smoker's lung with standard deviations SD < or = 14% of the mean value. First and second-order mass peaks matched the mass peaks of experimental cigarette-smoke condensate in 9 out of 11 peaks. A software program was developed that enabled fast, automated recognition of the typical mass peaks, and thereby confirmed the histological diagnosis of smoker's lung. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of carbonaceous particles within lung biopsies from a heavy smoker corresponded to the spectra of tobacco condensate and not to the investigated biopsies of graphite peneumoconiosis. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The analyses were performed in order to find out whether mass-spectrometric criteria exist for the differentiation of carbonaceous lung-tissue deposits. Mass spectrometry may be a valuable tool in determining the composition of carbon compounds deposited in human lung tissue. So far, qualitative assessment of the composition of deposits in lung tissue is only possible after the patient is deceased (autopsy).  相似文献   
622.
生物膜微环境和传质现象研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
生物膜法污水处理工艺对污染物的降解去除主要依赖活性生物膜,研究生物膜的结构和传质特性是揭示反应机理和提高反应器处理效率的重要手段.综述了近年来国外在生物膜微环境和微观传质过程中的研究进展,包括对生物膜微观结构的解析、膜内不同菌系的分布特征及其功能以及生物膜的传质现象和数学模型.在此基础上,提出了生物膜研究领域今后应开展的研究方向.  相似文献   
623.
ABSTRACT: The effect of ice cover on vertical transfer is examined based on the Reynolds' analogy and composite logarithmic velocity distributions. A finite difference scheme is used to predict concentration profiles in a two-dimensional channel. Comparisons made between the ice-covered condition and the ice-free condition show that considerable reduction in mixing capacity of the channel is caused by the ice cover.  相似文献   
624.
近年来的一系列研究表明,轻型车实际道路油耗与型式认证油耗间的差异在不断增大,之前的实际道路油耗研究大多基于用户上报数据或车载排放测试系统(PEMS).车载诊断系统(OBD)是一种监测发动机及排放控制系统实时工作状态的仪器.本研究通过OBD解码器采集瞬时发动机进气量计算机动车瞬态油耗并通过2辆轻型汽油车的实验室台架测试证明该方法具有很好的准确性(差异在±5%以内).本研究进一步在北京选取了7辆轻型汽油车,利用OBD解码器开展实际道路油耗测试,并研究运行工况及车辆载重对其实际道路油耗的影响.实际道路结果显示测试车辆在典型工况下的油耗比型式认证油耗高23.1%~46.4%,平均差异为29.2%.通过微观运行模态方法将实际道路油耗修正到法规测试循环(NEDC工况)的交通特征下,道路油耗仍然比型式认证油耗高18.7%±7.1%.研究表明,平均速度与实际道路油耗具有很强的相关性.实际道路油耗在30 km·h-1以下时会随速度降低而显著上升.此外,研究还发现如果车辆载重增加260 kg,实际道路油耗将上升6.2%±2.2%.  相似文献   
625.
目前室内颗粒物污染问题已经受到广泛关注.越来越多的流行病学研究表明,大气悬浮颗粒物浓度对人体健康存在显著的负影响.由于个人在室内滞留的时间可能超过全天时间的90%,因此剖析室外颗粒物向室内的传输渗透机理,对掌握室内微环境下的颗粒浓度水平至关重要.本实验以青岛一办公室为研究对象,使用具有4个尺寸间隔的光学计数器同时测量室内和室外的颗粒物浓度,粒径分布范围在0.3~2.5μm,采集时间为2016年4月~9月.根据实验数据,采用基于时间的动态质量平衡模型,估算了换气次数在0.03~0.25h-1范围内的室内颗粒物渗透率和沉降速率分别为0.45~0.82h-1和0.94~2.82m/h,并分析了这些参数随粒径大小的变化规律.其结论为进一步研究颗粒物在室内的传输机理和运动轨迹提供参数.  相似文献   
626.
基于解密航片、光学遥感影像以及卫星雷达测高数据,完成一个较长时间序列的拉森A和B冰架的范围及表面高程变化监测.在此基础上,结合NCEP/NCAR夏季逐月平均气温数据和GPCP全球降水数据这两种气象数据来探讨拉森北部冰架表面物质平衡机制.结果表明:随着气温的升高,拉森A和B冰架自1968年以来总共消失了14 000km2的浮冰.当前,拉森A冰架已经完全消失,拉森B冰架仅存2 000km2.伴随着冰架的持续崩塌与退缩,拉森北部冰架展现出高程持续降低的趋势,而且拉森A冰架的降低速度(-0.45m/a)明显高于拉森B冰架(-0.09m/a).作为冰架表面物质平衡估算的两个主要参数,拉森A冰架的夏季平均气温从1968年的0.16℃升高到近期的0.84℃;拉森B冰架的夏季平均气温从1968年的0.04℃升高到近期的0.66℃.过去几十年的降水量变化对拉森北部冰架表面物质累积产生的影响很小,反倒是夏季温暖的降雨进一步加剧该地区的表面物质负平衡.对于持续崩塌与退缩型的拉森北部冰架来说,其高程降低除了受到冰架表面冰雪融化与再凝结导致的积雪致密化驱动外,还受到冰架后退导致的背向应力减少,进而导致的冰架物质输送加快的深刻影响.总之,在全球气候变暖的背景下,拉森A和B冰架的表面物质体现出越来越明显的负平衡趋势.  相似文献   
627.
Gaseous peroxides play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. To understand the pathways of the formation and removal of peroxides, atmospheric peroxide concentrations and their controlling factors were measured from 7:00 to 20:00 in September, October, and November 2013 at a heavily trafficked residential site in Beijing, China, with average concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methyl hydroperoxide (MHP) at 0.55 ppb and 0.063 ppb, respectively. H2O2 concentrations were higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning and evening, while MHP concentrations did not exhibit a regular diurnal pattern. Both H2O2 and MHP concentrations increased at dusk in most cases. Both peroxides displayed monthly variations with higher concentrations in September. These results suggested that photochemical activity was the main controlling factor on variations of H2O2 concentrations during the measurement period. Increasing concentrations of volatile organic compounds emitted by motor vehicles were important contributors to H2O2 and MHP enrichment. High levels of H2O2 and MHP concentrations which occurred during the measurement period probably resulted from the transport of a polluted air mass with high water vapor content passing over the Bohai Bay, China.  相似文献   
628.
A co-current flow rotating packed bed was applied to remove volatile organic compounds(VOCs) by sodium hypochlorite(Na Cl O) and surfactant(sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,SDBS) from air stream. Xylene was used as a model VOC herein. The effect of p H,concentration of Na Cl O and SDBS solution, liquid flow rate, gas flow rate and rotational speed on xylene removal efficiency and overall mass transfer coefficient(KGa) were discussed. Then, a correlation for KGa of the co-current rotating packed bed was proposed by fitting the experimental data of KGa and independent variables of liquid/gas ratio,rotational speed, p H, Na Cl O concentration and treatment time, which was in good agreement with the experimental data(the deviation ≤± 30%).  相似文献   
629.
京津冀中部夏季大气颗粒物空间分布特征   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
为研究京津冀地区雾霾成因,以Y-12(运-12)飞机为大气颗粒物观测平台,对2016年夏季京津冀中部大气颗粒物污染特征进行了观测研究.结果表明,天津市颗粒物数浓度垂直分布特征为1 500 m(以下均为标准气压高度)以下呈单峰分布,1 500 m以上呈单调下降,峰值均出现在0.35~0.40 μm之间,峰值的最大值出现在900 m左右;颗粒物体积浓度谱呈三峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40、0.50~0.60和1.00~2.00 μm之间,峰值的最大值出现在450 m左右.天津市、保定市和衡水市600与2 400 m数浓度谱分布特征为单调下降和单峰分布并存;600 m表面积浓度谱呈三峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40、0.50~0.60和0.90~1.00 μm之间;2 400 m表面积浓度谱呈双峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40和0.50~0.60 μm之间;600与2 400 m体积浓度谱均呈三峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40、0.50~0.60和1.00~3.00 μm之间.天津市大气颗粒物数浓度谱峰值的最大值出现在900 m左右,说明逆温层对气溶胶累积的形成有重要影响.城市间数浓度谱峰值高低受地面颗粒物质量浓度大小影响.京津冀中部大气颗粒物表面积浓度谱在600 m呈三峰分布,在2 400 m呈双峰分布,可能是因为2 400 m空中以细粒子为主.京津冀中部大气颗粒物体积浓度谱在600与2 400 m空中均为三峰分布,而国外为双峰分布,发现粗粒子峰值粒径范围差别较大,这是由于国内PM2.5在PM10中占比较大.研究显示,京津冀中部600和1 200 m大气颗粒物多来源于山东、河南,经近地面输送;2 400 m大气颗粒物多来源于内蒙古地区,经高空和近地面两种途径输送.   相似文献   
630.
This paper examines the spatio-temporal patterns of atmospheric carbon dioxide transport predicted by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Forty-eight hour simulations over northern New England incorporating a simple representation of the diurnal summertime surface carbon dioxide forcing arising from biological activity indicate that, in its native formulation, RAMS exhibits a significant degree of mass non-conservation. Domain-wide rates of non-physical mass gain and mass loss are as large as three percent per day which translates into approximately eleven parts per million per day for carbon dioxide — enough to rapidly dilute the signature of carbon dioxide fluxes arising from biological activity. Analysis shows that this is due to the approximation used by RAMS to compute the Exner function. Substitution of the exact, physically complete equation improves mass conservation by two orders of magnitude. In addition to greatly improving mass conservation, use of the complete Exner function equation has a substantial impact on the spatial pattern of carbon dioxide predicted by the model, yielding predictions differing from a conventional RAMS simulation by as much as forty parts per million. Such differences have important implications both for comparisons of modeled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to observations and for carbon dioxide inversion studies, which use estimates of atmospheric transport of carbon dioxide in conjunction with measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to infer the spatio-temporal distribution of surface carbon dioxide fluxes. Furthermore, use of the complete Exner function equation affects the vertical velocity and water mixing ratio fields, causing significant changes in accumulated precipitation over the region.  相似文献   
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