基于未确知测度的岩体稳定性多元联系度评价模型*

为准确评定岩体稳定性等级,引入未确知测度理论、多元联系度理论和同异反确定不确定体系,建立基于未确知测度的岩体稳定性多元联系度评价模型。该模型通过指标组合权重值和单指标测度矩阵,得出多指标综合测度矩阵、同异反联系度矩阵和模糊评价矩阵。并借助多元联系度定量计算待评岩体的评价等级、定性分析及准确预判岩体稳定性的发展趋势,较好地优化置信度评价过程,克服传统模型不能定量表达不确定性因素的缺陷,而且拓展指标隶属等级交叉的特性。以1号岩体为例,研究结果表明:岩体的稳定性等级为Ⅲ级,处于基本稳定状态,但有着向不稳定状态（Ⅳ级）移动的趋势。模型的评价结果与实际结果相吻合,说明应用该模型评判岩体稳定性等级是有效可行的。     

派河及其支流溶解性有机质分子组成特征

溶解性有机质(DOM)是水生生态系统中的重要组成部分,派河作为"引江济淮"清水廊道工程江淮段的唯一输水通道,其DOM分子层面的组成信息和特性尚不明确.利用静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱技术对派河及其支流(光明大堰河)DOM分子进行表征,并且利用皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析和主成分分析(PCA)研究两条河流DOM的分子组成...     

出水回流对Anammox颗粒特性及其微生物群落的影响

基于有无回流的EGSB反应器中厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的内外部结构和微生物群落差异,从传质、活性和稳定性等角度分析了出水回流对颗粒污泥结构和功能的影响.研究表明,增加回流提供更好的水流条件使得底物能更好的与颗粒污泥接触,反应器在氮负荷率为(3.48±0.32)kg N/(m3·d)的条件下亚硝氮和氨氮的去除率从60％和65％...     

数字式光学测尘仪对不同呼吸性粉尘浓度转换系数的求取

本文论述了用BY-1型呼吸性粉尘标定采样器,在云南锡业公司矿山和冶炼厂现场测定、求取P-5L_2型和TM型光学测尘仪的读数与呼吸性粉尘(空气动力学直径:<7.07μm和<10μm)质量浓度转换系数(K)的方法和结果.研究表明,由深色矿物组成的粉尘,其K值大于由浅色矿物组成的粉尘的K值.P-5L_2型光学测尘仪间的测尘误差85％以上在±10％以内,平均为±6.68％.     

饱水作用对锁固型岩体变形特性影响研究

为了研究饱水作用对锁固型岩体力学性质和变形特性的影响,对干燥与饱水状态下的岩体进行单轴压缩试验,利用数字图像相关方法对岩体加载过程进行非接触式实时变形监测。研究结果表明：饱水作用弱化了岩体的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量;应变场演化特征表明饱水作用增大试件的变形量,但未改变试件的裂纹扩展路径和最终破坏模式;岩桥锁固段剪切裂纹起裂和峰值应力时伴随着应变场分异速率突增,可作为锁固型岩体滑动和失稳破坏的前兆信号,饱水作用对应变场分异速率峰值有削弱作用;通过计算预制裂隙两侧的错动位移,定量揭示岩体失稳过程中岩桥的“锁固效应”。研究结果可为涉水环境下锁固型岩体的稳定性问题和灾变监测提供参考。     

Optimization of carbon dioxide absorption in a continuous bubble column reactor using response surface methodology

Carbon dioxide absorption using amine based solvents is a well-known approach for carbon dioxide removal. Especially with the increasing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, there is a need for an optimization approach capable of multifactor calibration and prediction of interactions. Since conventional methods based on empirical relations are not efficiently applicable, this study investigates use of Response Surface Methodology as a strong optimization tool. A bubble column reactor was used and the effect of solvent concentration (10.0, 20.0 and 30.0 vol%), flow rate (4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 L min⁻¹), diffuser pore size (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and temperature (20.0, 25.0 and 30.0°C) on the absorption capacity and also overall mass transfer coefficient was evaluated. The optimization results for maintaining maximum capacity and overall mass transfer coefficient revealed that different optimization targets led to different tuned operational factors. Overall mass transfer coefficient decreased to 34.7 min⁻¹ when the maximum capacity was the desired target. High reaction rate along with the highest absorption capacity was set as desirable two factor target in this application. As a result, a third scenario was designed to maximize both mass transfer coefficient and absorption capacity simultaneously. The optimized condition was achieved when a gas flow rate of 5.9 L min⁻¹, MEA solution of 29.6 vol%, diffuser pore size of 0.5 mm and temperature of 20.6°C was adjusted. At this condition, mass transfer coefficient reached a maximum of 38.4 min⁻¹, with a forecasted achievable absorption capacity of 120.5 g CO₂ per kg MEA.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺处理污泥脱水液

在缺氧滤床+好氧悬浮填料生物膜工艺中实现部分亚硝化,然后进行厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX),考察其对高含氮、低C/N污泥脱水液的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器在15~29℃、DO 6~9mg/L条件下,通过综合调控进水氨氮负荷(ALR)、进水碱度/氨氮、水力停留时间(HRT)等运行参数,可以调节出水(NO2--N)/(NH4+-N)的比率,能够较好地实现部分亚硝化反应以完成厌氧氨氧化.当进水ALR为1.16kg/(m3·d),进水碱度/氨氮为5.1时,出水(NO2--N)/(NH4+-N)在1.2左右,(NO2--N)/(NOx--N)大于90%,进入ANAMMOX反应器的氮物质去除率达到83.8%.     

膜基吸收恶臭气体H_2S的实验研究

选甲基二乙醇胺溶液为吸收剂,聚丙烯中空纤维膜作接触器,通过单因素实验研究膜基吸收恶臭气体H2S的影响因素。结果表明,吸收剂浓度对脱硫率影响明显,适当的吸收剂浓度是保证脱硫率的关键因素;进气速率增大可以提高传质系数、增强传质,但脱硫率降低;提高进气压力可以提高脱硫率,但不如吸收剂浓度影响大;吸收剂循环使用对脱硫率影响较大,应在满足出气要求的前提下,合理控制循环次数和循环比例。对含H2S347mg/m3的进气,实验得到的适宜的脱硫条件为:进气流速0.35m3/h、压力0.1MPa,吸收剂流量0.40m3/h、浓度3mol/L。在该条件下,单级膜组件脱硫率稳定在96%以上。     

Soil lead (Pb) in residential transects through Lubbock,Texas: a preliminary assessment

Residential lead (Pb) contamination, resulting from decades-long use of leaded gasoline and lead-based paint, is likely to be present in soils in most urban areas. A screening level sampling effort demonstrated that Lubbock, Texas, USA, like other cities of its age and size, has areas of elevated soil Pb. This effort was based on soil sampling performed on residential, commercial and thoroughfare properties. The focus of this study was to investigate that component of soil contamination due to combustion of leaded gasoline. Soils were collected from the 1–2 cm surface layer from street-side property borders, well away from buildings that might lead to soil contamination from leaded paint chips. All samples were analyzed for Pb after a 1 M HNO₃ mild extraction to determine the amount of bioavailable Pb. Two of three transects through the city demonstrated significant trends of decreasing Pb concentrations with distance from the city center, paralleling a decrease in developed property age. Peak soil Pb concentrations outside city development was 4.9 ± 0.6 mg/kg while the median concentration for the city was 35.4 mg/kg. Peak soil Pb concentrations in the city center ranged from 90.0 to 174.0 mg/kg and decreased exponentially to 6.0–9.0 mg/kg at the furthest terminus of the residential transects.     

广州某黑臭河涌沉积物中的挥发物质组分

在广州市城区内的猎德涌采集了3个采样点中0~10cm深的表层沉积物,通过DVB/CAR/PDMS固相微萃取(SPME)纤维顶空富集,使用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对其挥发物进行检测分析。在猎德涌的沉积物中共检测出54种挥发物质,包括36种烷烃、2种环烷烃、1种烯烃、2种硫单体、13种带有发香基团的有机物。在3个采样点分别鉴定出19、49、52种挥发物。在下游河段沉积物中检测出的挥发物种类和峰面积都超过上游。由挥发物质的组成可以判断出其主要污染是来源于交通污染和居民的日常生活污染,其中有3种毒性较大的成分:万山麝香、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)和2,4-二叔丁基苯酚。