污水中新精神活性物质的分析方法优化及验证

随着对传统毒品打击力度的增大,各种为规避现行法律管制而合成的新精神活性物质(new psychoactive substances,NPS)层出不穷.NPS被滥用后,经人体新陈代谢所生成的代谢产物和未被代谢的原药随尿液进入生活污水,从而汇入污水处理厂,经处理后被排入自然水体.因此在国内外以往相关研究的基础上,应用固相萃取和UPLC-MS/MS技术,建立并优化了污水中11种常见NPS的前处理及检测方法.比较了污水前处理条件(如SPE柱、样品p H值、淋洗和复溶等)对目标物回收率的影响.结果表明最优前处理条件为:选用Oasis MCX柱,在p H=2的条件下加载样品,用2 m L p H=2的超纯水和2m L甲醇淋洗SPE柱,400μL 20%的甲醇水溶液复溶.通过对目标物的保留时间、回收率、基质效应、检出限和定量限、精密度等指标的评价,说明优化后的前处理方法和C18-UPLC-MS/MS检测方法高效可靠.应用优化后的方法对北京市11家污水处理厂的进、出水样进行了分析,验证了方法的可靠性,为进一步开展NPS的污水流行病学研究及健康风险评价提供了参考依据.     

Pollutants identification of ambient aerosols by two types of aerosol mass spectrometers over southeast coastal area, China

Two different aerosol mass spectrometers, Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(AMS) and Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(SPAMS) were deployed to identify the aerosol pollutants over Xiamen, representing the coastal urban area. Five obvious processes were classified during the whole observation period. Organics and sulfate were the dominant components in ambient aerosols over Xiamen. Most of the particles were in the size range of 0.2–1.0 μm, accounting for over 97% of the total particles measured by both instruments.Organics, as well as sulfate, measured by AMS were in good correlation with measured by SPAMS. However, high concentration of NH4+was obtained by AMS, while extremely low value of NH4+was detected by SPAMS. Contrarily, high particle number counts of NO3-and Clwere given by SPAMS while low concentrations of NO3-and Cl-were measured by AMS. The variations of POA and SOA obtained from SPAMS during event 1 and event 2 were in accordance with the analysis of HOA and OOA given by AMS, suggesting that both of AMS and SPAMS can well identify the organic clusters of aerosol particles. Overestimate or underestimate of the aerosol sources and acidity would be present in some circumstances when the measurement results were used to analyze the aerosol properties, because of the detection loss of some species for both instruments.     

采场前方支承压力分布规律数值模拟研究

采煤工作面前方移动支承压力在矿压显现中起主导作用,往往是矿井复杂动力现象的力源。结合矿井具体地质条件,采用FLAC数值模拟研究煤层厚度、开采深度、煤体强度对支承压力分布特征的影响,得出在其它地质和生产技术条件一定的情况下,采场前方支承压力分布的基本规律,为确定采面前方支承压力影响区范围、回采巷道超前支护范围以及优化支护方案提供了参考。     

中国典型城市大气污染物浓度时空变化特征分析

利用2014年3月1日至2015年2月28日北京、广州和南京三市6种污染物浓度(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、CO、NO_2、O_3)的日平均数据,统计分析了三市各污染物浓度的变化特征及其与气象条件的关系。结果表明:(1)3个城市中,广州空气质量最好,南京次之,北京最差。广州优、良出现的天数最多,分别为98和222天,占全年的26.8%和60.8%,没有出现重度污染和严重污染的现象。北京优出现的天数为55天,高于南京的29天,但是中度污染、重度污染和严重污染天数要高于南京,分别为61、34和8天;南京则为30、14和0天,南京没有出现过严重污染。(2)整个1年间,北京PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3年平均浓度分别为80.5、112.9、16.8、53.4和57.3μg/m~3,广州平均浓度分别为45.9、67.2、16.6、45.7和47.9μg/m~3,南京平均浓度分别为70.6、120.1、21.5、50.3和54.9μg/m~3,北京、广州和南京CO年平均浓度分别为1.2、1.0和0.9mg/m~3。(3)上述三个城市PM_(2.5)日均值超标率分别为42.7%、7.9%和38.4%,而PM_(10)日均值超标率分别为23.0%、1.6%和25.2%,NO_2日均值超标率分别为14.0%、3.8%和7.1%,CO浓度仅北京超标,超标率为1.4%,3个城市SO_2无超标现象。(4)3个城市SO_2和NO_2均随风速的增大而减小。风速对广州CO浓度影响不大,而北京和南京CO浓度则随风速的增大而减小。风速越大,南京PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度越小,但当风速≥4m/s时,北京PM_(10)和广州PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)浓度增加。此外,风向对污染物的传输也有影响。     

伊宁市大气污染特征及变化浅析

通过对伊宁市2005年1月起空气自动监测系统正式运行以来的监测数据分析,归纳、总结伊宁市大气污染物随季节变化规律,每日、小时变化规律及市区不同地区大气污染物分布特征,并对这种特征及变化规律进行分析.     

Nitrification performance of nitrifying bacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane at low ammonia nitrogen concentrations

Suspended and waterborne polyurethane immobilized nitrifying bacteria have been adopted for evaluating the e ects of environmental changes, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH, on nitrification characteristics under conditions of low ammonia concentrations. The results showed that nitrification was prone to complete with increasing pH, DO and temperature. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the e ects of temperature and pH on nitrification feature of suspended bacteria were slightly greater than those of immobilized nitrifying bacteria. Immobilized cells could achieve complete nitrification at low ammonia concentrations when DO was su cient. Continuous experiments were carried out to discuss the removal of ammonia nitrogen from synthetic micropollute source water with the ammonia concentration of about 1 mg/L using immobilized nitrifying bacteria pellets in an up-flow inner circulation reactor under di erent hydraulic retention times (HRT). The continuous removal rate remains above 80% even under HRT 30 min. The results verified that the waterborne polyurethane immobilized nitrifying bacteria pellets had great potential applications for micro-pollution source water treatment.     

基于NMF与CMB耦合应用的水体污染源解析方法

通过定量方法筛选出特征污染物,开展污染源解析,这是进行环境质量评估、环境风险评价、污染物削减的重要依据,也是切实有效地控制污染,保障环境安全的重要前提.化学质量平衡模型和非负约束因子分析模型是污染源解析中较为有效的两种方法,各自具有特定的应用优势,但同时也都存在一定的应用局限性.通过非负约束因子模型与化学质量模型的耦合...     

超快速液相色谱-串联质谱法测定制药废水中阿维菌素的研究

建立了采用固相萃取-超快速液相色谱-串联质谱（SPE-RRLC-MS/MS）测定制药废水中阿维菌素残留的方法.水样经离心、沉淀蛋白质后,上清液采用HLB固相萃取柱富集和净化;以0.1%甲酸水溶液和50%～90%甲醇为流动相,采用AgilentPlusC18柱进行RRLC分离,在串联质谱ESI（＋）模式下采用多反应监测模...     

河流及污水处理厂全氟化合物排放估算

为了解全氟化合物（PFCs）的环境排放强度,利用通量计算的方法,综合国内现有PFCs监测数据,对我国部分主要流域的河流水体和部分主要城市的污水处理厂PFCs排放通量进行了估算研究.环渤海北部沿海区域主要河流水体中全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）排放总通量分别为122 kg/a和216 kg/a,其中大辽河和大凌河分别为该区域PFOS和PFOA排放的主要河流.珠江和长江是中国PFOS排放的主要河流,PFOS排放通量分别为4.47×10³ kg/a和807 kg/a.长江和黄浦江为中国PFOA排放的主要河流,PFOA排放通量分别为3.92×10⁴ kg/a和1.60×10⁴ kg/a.天津市和北京市污水处理厂人均PFOS排放量分别为291 μg·（a·人）^-1和221 μg·（a·人）^-1,远低于瑞士和美国污水处理厂的人均PFOS排放量.城市污泥PFCs排放量较高区域多集中在PFCs相关生产厂家集中省份的工业较发达城市.研究结果可为进一步进行污染源识别以及控制和减少PFCs污染和排放提供科学依据.     

丹霞山风景区鳄鱼爬山危岩体变形监测

本文介绍了丹霞山风景区危岩体变形监测的目的、所用仪器、测量方法、监测数据可靠性分析及精度要求,并以该景区鳄鱼爬山危岩体地质灾害监测点为例,通过对实际监测数据的分析和整理,绘制出了危岩体各监测点时间-位移量曲线图,直观地反映了该危岩体的变化规律及其发展趋势,可及时提供地质灾害的预报预警,以确保游客的生命财产安全,为探讨景...