改进测定水中氨氮分子吸收光谱法的试验研究

水中氨氮含量是反应水质状况的重要指标。文章对测定水中氨氮气相分子吸收光谱法(标准号HJ/T195-2005)进行了改进试验研究。第一,对氧化剂的配比进行了改进,使氨氮的测定范围扩展至100μg。第二,对标准HJ/T195-2005中直接使用亚硝酸钠标准溶液做标准曲线的处理方式也做了探讨。通过一系列对比实验认为,应用硫酸铵标准溶液做工作曲线更加准确合理。最后应用改进后的气相分子吸收光谱法和纳氏比色法或滴定法对多种实际废水样品进行同时测定。结果表明,改进后的气相分子吸收光谱法测定氨氮的范围更宽,灵敏度更高和准确度更好。     

Effect of air masses motion on the rapid change of aerosols in marine atmosphere

The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks.     

洛阳市大气细颗粒物化学组分特征及溯源分析

为研究洛阳市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的化学组分及来源的时空分布特征,对汾渭平原地区较为欠缺的PM2.5相关研究进行补充,在2018年4月至2019年1月在洛阳市高新和林校2个点位进行了样品采集,对P(PM2.5)、化学组分(水溶性离子、碳质组分、元素)和来源进行分析.2个点位的年均ρ(PM2.5)分别为(76.6±37.9)μg-m-3和(83.2±38.9)μg·m-3,季节变化由高到低均为:冬季、春季、秋季和夏季.高新和林校的9种水溶性离子浓度分别占PM2.5的 55.1％和54.2％,林校的二次离子(NO3-、SO42-和NH4+)年均浓度之和高于高新.高新和林校的ρ[有机碳(OC)]、P[元素碳(EC)]分别为(12.4±7.7)μg·m-3、(1.2±0.5)μg·m-3和(13.4±7.7)μg·m-3、(1.3±0.5)μg·m-3,林校的含碳组分在各季节均高于高新;高新和林校冬季的二次有机碳(SOC)在OC中质量分数分别为67.8％和77.3％,远高于其他季节.化学质量平衡结果表明,高新和林校的主要贡献源均为二次硝酸盐(26.9％和27.1％)、二次硫酸盐(14.5％和14.8％)、燃煤(12.6％和11.6％)、SOA(10.8％和12.2％),高新的生物质源贡献较高,而林校的扬尘源和机动车源贡献较高.后向轨迹和潜在源贡献因子分析表明,洛阳市春季不仅受到来自西北方向的传输,来自西南地区的污染传输也不能忽略;夏季既受到正东方向的季风影响,又有来自正南方向的潜在污染;秋季污染物主要来自东南方向,同时也存在西北方向的潜在来源;冬季受到的传输影响则主要来自周边区域,污染来源较为集中.     

Ecology of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in Western Siberian Populations of the Gypsy Moth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lymantria dispar</Emphasis> L.)

The impact of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus on the population dynamics of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. has been studied. The results have shown that polyhedrosis morbidity in the western Siberian population of the insect is relatively low, compared to that reported for North American and European populations. A possible cause of this situation is found in the high migration activity of moths in the Asian L. dispar populations, which allows the virus load on the biotope to remain relatively stable and insufficient for the initiation of mass viral diseases during population outbreaks.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 222–226.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Ilinykh.     

Study of metabolites from the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments

The PAH metabolites produced during degradation of fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene by a bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments were analyzed using the on-fiber silylation solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combining with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method. Seventeen metabolites at trace levels were identified in different PAH degradation cultures based on the full scan mass spectra. In fluorene degradation cultures, 1-, 2-, 3- and 9-hydroxyfluorene, fluorenone, and phthalic acid were detected. In phenanthrene and pyrene degradation cultures, various common metabolites such as phenanthrene and pyrene dihydrodiols, mono-hydroxy phenanthrene, dihydroxy pyrene, lactone and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, methyl ester, and phthalic acid were found. The detection of various common and novel metabolites demonstrates that SPME combining with GC–MS is a quick and convenient method for identification as well as monitoring the real time changes of metabolite concentrations throughout the degradation processes. The knowledge of PAH metabolic pathways and kinetics within indigenous bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments contributes to enhance the bioremediation efficiency of PAH in real environment.     

A review and numerical assessment of the random walk particle tracking method

We review the basic mathematical concepts of random walk particle tracking (RWPT) and its advantages and limitations. Three different numerical approaches to overcome the local mass conservation problem of the random walk methodology are examined: (i) the interpolation method, (ii) the reflection principle, and (iii) the generalized stochastic differential equations (GSDE). Analytical solutions of the spatial moments for a two-layer system are compared to model predictions using the different techniques and results demonstrate that the interpolation method reproduces correctly average velocity, but fails to reproduce macrodispersion at higher hydraulic conductivity contrasts between the two layers. On the contrary, the reflection principle and the GSDE approach underestimate average velocity, but reproduce macrodispersion better for high contrasts. The different behavior is based on an artificial shift of mass for increasing heterogeneities for the GSDE approach and the reflection principle, whereas the interpolation method suffers from the smoothing of the dispersion tensor. The behavior of these approaches was furthermore analyzed in two-dimensional heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields, which are characterized by different random function models. Solute transport was simulated correctly by all three approaches for the reference fields having Gaussian structures or non-Gaussian structures with an isotropic spatial correlation, even for a variance of the natural log of hydraulic conductivity of sigma(lnK)(2)=4. However, for the non-Gaussian model with a strong anisotropic spatial correlation and a variance of sigma(lnK)(2)=2 and higher, the interpolation method was the only technique modelling solute transport correctly. Furthermore, we discuss the general applicability of random walk particle tracking in comparison to the standard transport models and conclude that in advection-dominated problems using a high spatial discretization or requiring the performance of many model runs, RWPT represents a good alternative for modelling contaminant transport.     

混合质量阻尼器(HMD)抗震控制研究

建筑物的倒塌是地震造成破坏的主要形式之一 ,它导致大量的人员和财产损失。不断改进建筑物的抗震设计方法是传统的抗震减灾措施。随着结构振动控制领域的不断发展 ,它为建筑抗震减灾提供了一个新的途径。根据建筑结构抗震设计“三水准”的设防准则 ,混合质量阻尼器 (HybridMassDamper ,HMD)被应用于建筑抗震减灾中 ,对于发生频度较高的低烈度地震 ,主要通过调谐质量阻尼器 (TunedMassDamper ,TMD)控制结构的振动 ;而当发生烈度较高的地震或TMD不能满足控制目标要求时 ,启动作动器施加主动控制力 ,用主动控制力驱动TMD的附加质量块 ,提供给主结构更大的控制力 ,把TMD转化为主动质量阻尼器 (ActiveMassDemper ,AMD) ,取得预期的控制效果。理论分析和仿真计算表明 ,HMD适用地震激励的范围广 ,控制效果显著     

Improving flammable mass estimation for vapor cloud explosion modeling in an offshore QRA

Presence of congestion and confinement in offshore modules due to limited availability of space make Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCEs) a significant contributor to risk. There are several methods available for quantifying the blast overpressure generated over distances and time. The approaches range from one-dimensional analysis using correlation models to 3-D analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFDs). The correlation models are easy to use and well-suited for assessing a number of credible VCE scenarios. However, the overpressure results predicted by correlation models depend on a good estimate of flammable mass. This paper proposes a method to improve the estimation of flammable mass. The UKOOA Ignition model developed by the Energy Institute London is used to estimate the flammable mass; and is modified to account for the effect of mitigation measures on release rate. A directional probability for wind is also added to the model. The proposed model takes into consideration the platform geometry and offshore conditions for each scenario, release location and direction, and wind direction. An offshore production platform with three deck levels is presented as an example case. The flammable mass is also computed using CFD and the results are compared to that of the proposed and the conventional methods. The results show that the flammable masses for selected scenarios are better estimated by the proposed method, being much lower than estimated by the conventional method, though larger than the CFD results. This paper presents an interim result of a project undertaken to improve QRA studies for VCE events.     

TA-FTIR/MS用于硝酸铵及其混合物的热化学行为研究

为评价物料混合对危险化学品热化学行为的影响,采用热分析-红外/质谱联用技术(TA-FTIR/MS)研究硝酸铵、柠檬酸和蔗糖的混合物的热化学行为。通过对硝酸铵及其混合物的分解温度和分解过程中逸出气体的分析,发现硝酸铵、柠檬酸和蔗糖的混合物热分解温度分别降低至135℃和153℃,而硝酸铵与甲基纤维素的混合物分解温度与硝酸铵基本相同为201℃,且各混合体系的气相分解产物均有氮氧化物(NOX),H2O和CO2。结果表明,混合物受热后其中的硝酸铵首先分解为硝酸和氨气;酸性物质和还原性物质由于对硝酸的分解反应有催化作用,使得混合物的热稳定性下降。     

高温热表面油液蒸发的时变性热质传递模型与实验研究

针对高温热表面油液蒸发热质传递过程的时变性,考虑这一过程中的对流传质传热,建立了热环境作用下油液蒸发的热质传递模型方程,通过无量纲变换,求得空间浓度分布和温度场随时间的变化规律。以庚烷为试验对象,对高温热表面油液蒸发过程进行了实验研究。理论分析与实验表明:庚烷蒸发过程中,刘易斯数大于1,传热速率大于传质速率;蒸发导致的质量损失与时间平方根的成正比,与液面的面积成正比,且与质量扩散系数的平方根成正比,饱和蒸气浓度越大,蒸发速率也越大。油液蒸发计算结果与试验结果基本一致,表明了模型的有效性。