DOM不同相对分子质量组分在无机矿物上的吸附及其对卡马西平吸附的影响实验

为探究溶解性有机质(DOM)不同相对分子质量组分在矿物质上的吸附特征及其与药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)类污染物的结合作用对两者吸附过程的影响,以卡马西平作为目标污染物,用商用腐殖酸制备DOM,以石英砂代表无机矿物,开展吸附实验,并采用透析实验和红外光谱表征等手段,探讨了不同相对分子质量腐殖酸(HA)的结构特征及其与卡马西平(CBZ)的结合作用对HA或CBZ在固相介质上吸附作用的差异及产生机制.结果表明,大分子量HA有更多的羟基、芳香烃和脂肪烃,以疏水物质为主;而小分子量HA有更多的醇和羧基,以亲水物质为主.HA与CBZ的结合主要通过CBZ的氨基与小分子量HA中极性官能团的结合,以及CBZ疏水基团与大分子量HA中脂肪族与芳香族的疏水作用.CBZ与HA之间的相互作用对腐殖酸或卡马西平的吸附产生明显差异.当CBZ不存在时,石英砂主要通过疏水作用结合HA中疏水性大分子或与HA的羟基、羧基等发生交换配位反应,且石英砂更倾向于吸附HA中的脂肪性及疏水性大分子组分.当CBZ存在时,石英砂转而吸附HA中的小分子量部分,且HA在石英砂上的最大吸附量减小.当HA不存在时,CBZ可通过疏水作用,范德华力和极性相互作用使其在石英砂上有一定量的吸附.加入HA后,石英砂吸附增加的CBZ归因于部分HA分子与CBZ结合后共吸附或累积吸附于石英砂上.     

河北省涞水县大气颗粒物单颗粒分析表征及来源识别

为了解河北省涞水县颗粒物污染特征,采用单颗粒分析技术扫描电镜-X射线能谱法和气团后向轨迹分析技术对该县2015年3个典型污染时段〔即正常管控、严格管控（2015年阅兵期间）及发生严重颗粒物染污〕采集的7个大气颗粒物样品进行了分析表征和来源解析.共测量了1 506个粒径≥0.5 μm的单颗粒,其中粒径小于2.5 μm的颗粒占98%以上,测量结果揭示了细颗粒污染特征.结果表明:①碳质颗粒为主要颗粒物种类,其检出数目占比在90%以上.②非供暖期严格管控时段,当地居民日常生活产生的球形碳质颗粒检出数目占比最高.③非供暖期正常管控时段,机动车排放的碳质集合体颗粒检出数目占比最高,交通污染贡献最大.④供暖期球形碳质颗粒检出数目占比最高,含硫颗粒检出数目占比相对增加,燃煤的贡献最大.3个采样时段48 h气团后向轨迹分析结果表明,在空气质量良好、颗粒物污染水平较低的情况下,影响研究区域空气质量的主要是本地源;雾霾天气（处于严重颗粒物污染时段）时,西南方向外来源和本地源共同构成研究区域的颗粒物污染状态.      

林冠特征对城市森林斑块消减空气PM2.5质量浓度的影响

研究城市森林斑块消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,以及这种能力的主要影响因素,对改善城市空气环境具有重要的意义.本研究测定了南昌市典型城市森林斑块消减PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力(PM_(2.5)AC),并分析了PM_(2.5)AC对城市森林斑块林分组成、冠层特征的响应.研究表明:南昌市城市森林斑块具有显著消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,其中针叶林斑块PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到9.15%,阔叶纯林最低3.82%;整体上春季PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到7.34%,冬季最低3.76%.城市森林斑块PM_(2.5)AC与林冠特征中的LAI(叶面积指数)显著正相关,与DIFN(天空开度)显著负相关,与斑块特征中的斑块面积、林分结构、斑块总叶面积显著正相关.通过综合分析,城市森林斑块总叶面积是主导PM_(2.5)AC的主要影响因素.     

Highly time-resolved aerosol characteristics during springtime in Weizhou Island

A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during March 2015 in Weizhou Island of the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi province, South China. In this campaign, a total of 3,100,597 particles were sized, and 25.8%particles with both positive and negative mass spectrum were collected and 24.8%characterized in combination with the ART-2 a neural network algorithm. The distribution of sized particles was mainly in from 520 to 600 nm, and the diameters ranging from 340 to1000 nm accounted for above 90%. Eight types of particles were classified: Elemental Carbon containing(EC), Organic Carbon containing(OC), EC and OC combined containing particles,Na containing particles, K containing particles(K), Levoglucosan containing particles,mineral containing particles, and Heavy Metal containing particles(HM). EC, OC and K were the major containing particles, which accounted for 84.3% in the eight types particles. The relative ratio and size distribution of the three types were EC(48.1%, 620 nm), OC(12.7%,440 nm), and K(23.5%, 600 nm), respectively. The three types of particles were a bit increasing ratios compared with those in clean periods during haze pollution periods.Combined with the back-trajectory results from the Hysplit-4 model and local pollution sources revealed that the ambient air quality on the Weizhou Island may be influenced by biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula(biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula)from the transportation on higher level atmospheric layer and by mainland of south China located northeast of Weizhou Island on the ground.     

Oxidation state specific analysis of arsenic species in tissues of wild-type and arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase-knockout mice

Arsenic methyltransferase(As3mt) catalyzes the conversion of inorganic arsenic(i As) to its methylated metabolites, including toxic methylarsonite(MAs~Ⅲ) and dimethylarsinite(DMAs~Ⅲ). Knockout(KO) of As3 mt was shown to reduce the capacity to methylate i As in mice. However, no data are available on the oxidation states of As species in tissues of these mice. Here, we compare the oxidation states of As species in tissues of male C57BL/6 As3mt-KO and wild-type(WT) mice exposed to arsenite(iA s~Ⅲ) in drinking water. WT mice were exposed to50 mg/L As and As3mt-KO mice that cannot tolerate 50 mg/L As were exposed to 0, 15, 20, 25 or30 mg/L As. iA s~Ⅲaccounted for 53% to 74% of total As in liver, pancreas, adipose, lung, heart, and kidney of As3mt-KO mice; tri- and pentavalent methylated arsenicals did not exceed 10% of total As. Tissues of WT mice retained iA s and methylated arsenicals: iA s~Ⅲ, MAs~Ⅲand DMAs~Ⅲ represented 55%‐68% of the total As in the liver, pancreas, and brain. High levels of methylated species, particularly MAs~Ⅲ, were found in the intestine of WT, but not As3mt-KO mice,suggesting that intestinal bacteria are not a major source of methylated As. Blood of WT mice contained significantly higher levels of As than blood of As3mt-KO mice. This study is the first to determine oxidation states of As species in tissues of As3mt-KO mice. Results will help to design studies using WT and As3mt-KO mice to examine the role of iA s methylation in adverse effects of iA s exposure.     

2007—2014年北京地区PM2.5质量浓度变化特征

为更好地解析北京地区ρ(PM_2.5)的长期变化特征及气流轨迹聚类分析结果,对2007年8月—2014年7月在中国环境科学研究院实测的ρ(PM_2.5)数据进行了统计分析,分析其年际、季节和月际变化特征;通过计算PM_2.5的AQI分指数,分析了污染等级的时间变化特征;结合后向气流轨迹,对ρ(PM_2.5)年际、季节变化与气团来源的关系进行了分析.结果表明:北京地区2008—2013年ρ(PM_2.5)年均值分别为111.5、95.8、94.8、80.5、75.2、81.3 μg/m3,整体呈逐年下降趋势,但污染水平依然较高;ρ(PM_2.5)由高到低的季节次序为秋季、冬季、春季、夏季,平均值分别为111.6、94.8、77.2、70.5 μg/m3,PM_2.5重污染时段主要出现在秋冬季节,并且冬季ρ(PM_2.5)近年来逐渐呈上升趋势;ρ(PM_2.5)月均值呈单峰型变化,11月最高(为125.3 μg/m3),7月最低(为76.4 μg/m3);轨迹聚类分析发现,途经山西省北部和河北省南部的气流轨迹中ρ(PM_2.5)较高,而来自北方及西北方向的气团相对较清洁,ρ(PM_2.5)较低.北京地区近些年实施的大气污染减排措施对于控制PM_2.5污染取得了一定效果,但针对秋冬季节重污染过程的控制力度仍需要加强,同时也要注意区域污染传输对北京地区ρ(PM_2.5)的影响.      

缺水地区人类活动净氮输入与河流响应特征——以海河流域为例

人类活动净氮输入(NANI)是影响河流氮输出的重要因素,研究两者的响应关系对制定氮污染的削减策略具有重要意义.基于NANI核算模型,评估了海河流域人为氮输入强度,并采用实测数据估算了同期的河流氮输出,最终得到干旱缺水区河流氮输出对NANI的响应特征.结果表明,海河流域2008—2012年均NANI输入强度为13258 kg·km~(-2)·a~1,化肥施用、食品与饲料输入、大气沉降和农作物固氮分别占76%、17%、5%和2%;在空间分布上,黑龙港运东子流域的NANI负荷最高,达到24238 kg·km~(-2)·a~(-1),最小的是永定河子流域,为5320 kg·km~(-2)·a~(-1);海河流域主要河流的氮通量与子流域NANI输入呈现显著正相关关系(p0.05),NANI变化可解释67%的河流氮通量变化.然而,仅2%的NANI由河流输出,这一比例低于其他地区研究成果,表明缺水地区河流作为氮输出的功能被削弱,河流不是流域氮输出的主要途径.     

鹤庆湖泊沉积物样品的BeO制备

湖泊沉积物是研究古气候、古环境的理想对象。本文选取鹤庆湖泊沉积物开展了样品BeO制备的实验研究。通过对比黄土提取~(10)Be的思路,利用条件实验确定了先沉淀去除常量元素,再进行阳离子交换的新的实验流程。加速器质谱仪的测量结果表明该流程有效可靠,为下一步拓展湖泊~(10)Be环境示踪的新方向提供了实验方法基础。     

Persistent organochlorine pesticides in internal organs of coypu,Myocastor coypus

A highly selective and sensitive method based on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to identify and quantify persistent organochlorine pesticides, (18 compounds including primary compounds and metabolites), in animal internal organs (kidneys, liver, and brain) has been developed. Tandem mass spectrometric conditions were individually optimized for each target compound in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode to obtain maximum sensitivity. Prior to instrumental analysis, a sample preparation method based on matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by acidic digestion with sulfuric acid to reduce matrix co-extractives was employed. Analyses of real samples were carried out on coypus (Myocastor coypus) from the autumn slaughter of 19 animals. In the analyzed samples, three of the target compounds, namely DDE-pp′ (DDT metabolite), HCB and lindane, were detected. Their concentration levels fell in the ranges of 0.003–0.007, 0.003–0.025, and 0.003–0.021 mg kg^?1 (0.005, 0.010, and 0.010 mg kg^?1 on average) in the case of DDE-pp′, HCB and lindane, respectively. Although low quantities of organochlorine pesticides do not pose an immediate danger to consumers' health, they should be of public health concern considering long-term, low-dose exposure.     

Mass communication and pro-environmental behaviour: waste recycling in Hong Kong

Treatment of domestic waste has been one of the major environmental problems in Hong Kong. The Government has a stated policy to advocate the minimization of waste disposal through the encouragement of waste reduction, re-use and recycling. The current study applies Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour to predict behavioural intention and actual behaviour of voluntary use of waste recycling receptacles. A systematic random sample of 173 household members in a public housing estate were interviewed. The results indicated that attitude was the major factor in predicting behavioural intention, followed by behavioural control and social norms. Attitude, subjective norm and perceived control together explained 44% of the variance of behavioural intention. Perception of mass media as a major source of subjective norm was first introduced and tested. Mass communication stood out as one of the major sources of influence in establishment of subjective norms. The study has the implication that more publicity messages should be put on the mass media to promote green behaviours.