东北地区粮食生产及其可持续性因子分析

通过对东北地区耕地面积、粮食单产及总产的时间序列分析，揭示了该地区粮食生产发展趋势，并结合粮食生产发展的影响因子分析，探该区粮食生产可持续发展的影响因子，指出今后提高粮食生产的途径。     

Effects of territory quality, food availability and sibling competition on the fledging success of oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus)

We investigated the fledging probability of oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus, chicks as a function of hatching order, brood size, territory quality and food availability. Sibling dominance was related to the hatching order in both low- (’leapfrogs’) and high-quality (’residents’) territories. Differences in hatchling mass might have aided the establishment of a dominance hierarchy, since breeders produced small late eggs and hatchlings. These mass differences were most pronounced in leapfrogs, and in large broods in years with lower food availability (’poor’ years). Late hatchlings fledged less often and with lower body masses compared to early hatchlings in all situations. Leapfrogs produced smaller broods and hatched their broods more asynchronously in poor years than leapfrogs breeding in years with more available food (’good’ years) and residents breeding in both poor and good years. Large brood sizes resulted in lower survival of hatchlings in poor years. These results favour the ’brood reduction’ hypothesis. However, contrary to the expectations of this hypothesis, hatching order also affected fledging success in residents. Moreover, large brood size resulted in higher survival of hatchlings in good years, particularly in residents. Thus, although large broods experienced losses due to sibling competition in some years, they nevertheless consistently produced more fledglings per brood in all years, both as leapfrogs and residents. We believe this effect is due to parental quality correlating with initial brood size. Most leapfrogs, at best, fledged one chick successfully each year, losing chicks due to starvation. Nevertheless, leapfrog broods were reduced in size after hatching significantly less quickly than resident broods. These results suggest that breeders lay and hatch insurance eggs to compensate for unpredictable losses due to the high predation rates on both nests (ca 50%) and chicks (ca 90%), in accordance with the ’nest failure’ hypothesis. Received: 14 February 2000 / Revised: 27 September 2000 / Accepted: 10 June 2000     

MOBILITY AND AQUATIC TOXICITY OF COPPER IN AN URBAN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Abundant use of copper based products has resulted in increased violation of copper water quality criteria in runoff from urban storm water systems. The objectives of this work were to understand the mobility and toxicity of copper in an urban watershed and to apportion the amount of copper entering the freshwater receiving stream from different urban land covers using a mass balance approach. Sixteen rainfall events collected from the University of Connecticut study watershed between August 1998 and September 2000 were analyzed to assess copper flux in an urban storm water system. Mean flow weighted dissolved copper concentrations observed in the study for copper based architectural material runoff, pervious area runoff, impervious area runoff, and in the receiving stream were 1210 ± 840, 9 ± 3, 8 ± 2, and 14 ± 7 μg/L, respectively. Mean dissolved copper concentrations in the receiving stream exceeded Connecticut's water quality criteria. Despite exceeding the dissolved concentration based criteria, cupric ion concentrations at the system outlet remained below 0.05 μg/L for all storms analyzed, and no acute toxicity (using Daphnia pulex as the test organism) was measured in samples collected from the stream.     

上海城区硝基芳香族化合物的化学组成及特征分析

为研究硝基芳香族化合物(NACs)在上海城区大气中的浓度水平、组成特征以及与气态前体物关系,采用大流量采样器采集了2020～2021年上海城区大气细颗粒物PM_2.5冬季39个和夏季46个样品,利用超高效液相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱,对其中12个NACs物质进行了定量分析,结合后向轨迹、前体物及气象要素等相关性分析,并对其中含CHON类物质进行分子组成和分类分析.结果表明,冬季ρ(NACs)平均值(17.1 ng·m^-3)是夏季(5.7 ng·m^-3)的3倍,冬季气团主要来自于北方,夏季气团则主要来自于较清洁的东南部海洋.冬季NACs组成中含量最丰富的物种为4-硝基苯酚,夏季则为4-硝基苯酚(清洁天)和4-羟基-3-硝基苯甲酸(污染天),冬、夏两季均表现出昼高夜低的特点.单环和多环芳烃化合物识别和表征的芳环等值数(Xc)以及O/C和H/C值等特征的定性分析结果表明,上海城区冬、夏两季PM_2.5中CHON类化合物主要是芳香族化合物,且在PM_2.5污染天检测到的CHON类化合物的...     

廊坊市秋冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征及来源解析

分析了2019～2020年秋冬季廊坊市北部、市区和南部这3个站点的大气细颗粒物及其化学组成.空间分布上,PM_2.5浓度整体为：南部>市区>北部.PM_2.5主要成分为有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐、矿物组分、氯离子和元素碳,分别占PM_2.5的质量分数为25.4%、21.5%、11.0%、11.5%、13.7%、3.5%和5.8%,金属元素及其他物质的质量分数分别为0.3%和7.2%;二次无机盐浓度呈现市区(28.7μg·m^-3)高于北部(28.0μg·m^-3)和南部(26.8μg·m^-3)郊区的变化特征,而有机物(其浓度分别为16.6、13.0和18.5μg·m^-3,由北向南,下同)、矿物组分(9.6、6.7和9.7μg·m^-3)、氯盐(2.0、2.0和2.8μg·m^-3)和元素碳(3.6、3.2和4.3μg·m^-3)浓度呈现南部和北部郊区高于市区的变化特征.随...     

分流制系统雨水管网混接旱天排放污染特征研究

分流制排水系统中,雨水管网混接污水在旱天直排河道,造成河道水质恶化.本文以上海市某混接分流制排水系统(3.74 km~2)为研究对象,通过开展雨水管网旱天排放水质监测(SS、COD、BOD_5、NH_3-N、TN等),以及雨水管网旱天污染输移质量平衡分析,研究了混接雨水管网旱天排放污染特征.结果表明:①雨水管网旱天排放分为重力流排放和雨水泵开启排放两种情况,重力流排放水质与混接水量水质和河水倒灌相关,雨水泵开启排放水质与混接水量水质、管道淤泥冲刷和河水倒灌相关.②当旱天前期雨水泵不开泵时间小于2 d时,河水倒灌会对重力流排放和雨水泵站排放水质造成明显影响.③随着前期不开泵时间增加,管道淤积程度越发严重;雨水泵排放COD、BOD_5、SS浓度与前期不开泵时间满足指数关系.④旱天重力流排放期间的管道底泥淤积量大于泵站排放期间的淤泥冲刷量,年度尺度上57%的淤积底泥通过旱天雨水泵开启排出,其余43%的淤积底泥在雨天随雨水泵排出,从而进一步加重了河道雨天污染.     

Interaction of silver nanoparticles with mediterranean agricultural soils: Lab-controlled adsorption and desorption studies

The production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has increased tremendously during recent years due to their antibacterial and physicochemical properties. As a consequence, these particles are released inevitably into the environment, with soil being the main sink of disposal. Soil interactions have an effect on AgNP mobility, transport and bioavailability. To understand AgNP adsorption processes, lab-controlled kinetic studies were performed. Batch tests performed with five different Mediterranean agricultural soils showed that cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity are the main parameters controlling the adsorption processes. The adsorption kinetics of different sized (40, 75, 100 and 200?nm) and coated (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)) AgNPs indicated that these nanoparticle properties have also an effect on the adsorption processes. To assess the mobility and bioavailability of AgNPs and to determine if their form is maintained during adsorption/desorption processes, loaded soils were submitted to leaching tests three weeks after batch adsorption studies. The DIN 38414-S4 extraction method indicated that AgNPs were strongly retained on soils, and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed that silver particles maintained their nanoform, except for 100?nm PEG-AgNPs and 40?nm citrate-coated AgNPs. The DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) leaching test was more effective in extracting silver, but there was no presence of AgNPs in almost all of these leachates.     

环境大气中半/中等挥发性有机物(S/IVOCs)的测量技术进展

总结了环境大气中半/中等挥发性有机物（S/IVOCs）的主要测量技术及其进展,重点介绍了基于气相色谱技术和化学电离质谱技术的测量方法.S/IVOCs的测量主要由气相色谱技术开始发展,并随着质谱技术的发展而不断发展.基于气相色谱技术的测量方法,能够直接测量非极性化合物,但在面对组分多达千万种的复杂体系时,传统的一维色谱相对耗时,而且由于峰容量不够,峰重叠现象十分严重,难以实现全组分的准确分离.新近发展的多维分离系统如全二维气相色谱,通过正交的分离系统,能够实现复杂体系中物种组分的准确、快速分离.目前基于化学电离质谱技术的在线测量方法已经逐渐应用于S/IVOCs的测量,虽然在物种定性方面相对较弱,但其可提供高时间分辨率的测量结果,帮助分析S/IVOCs在大气中的快速变化.在未来的研究中,高时间分辨率和全组分准确测量是S/IVOCs研究的关键.     

气力输送化工粉体静电带电影响因素试验研究

采用自建全尺寸粉体静电试验系统,以聚丙烯颗粒为试验介质物料,测试了气力输送过程中物料质量流量、输送气体流量以及离子风消电器对聚丙烯颗粒静电带电量的影响规律。结果表明:气力输送粉体物料时,粉体颗粒与管壁碰撞是影响颗粒带电的主要因素之一,导致颗粒带电量随颗粒质量流量降低和气体输送流量增加(风速增大)而增大。提高质量流量、降低输送气体流量并使用离子风静电消除器,是降低气力输送物料静电危害风险的重要措施。     

Characterization of seawater and aerosol particle surfactants using solid phase extraction and mass spectrometry

Surface-active organic molecules (surfactants) may influence the ability of an aerosol particle to act as a cloud condensation nuclei by reducing its surface tension. One source of organic mass in aerosol particles, which may also contain surfactants, is bubble bursting on the sea surface. In order to directly compare these molecules in the ocean and aerosol particles, we developed a method using multiple solid phase extractions and high resolution mass spectrometry to characterize surface active organic molecules in both. This method has extraction efficiencies greater than 85%, 75%, and 60% for anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant standards, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of three ionic classes of surface active organics in atmospheric aerosol particles and estuarine water from Skidaway Island, GA. With this extraction method, organic molecules from both estuarine water and atmospheric aerosol particles significantly reduced surface tension of pure water (surface tension depression of ~ 18 mN/m) and had high ratios of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) and low ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C), indicative of surfactants. While previous work has observed a larger fraction of anionic surface active organics in seawater and marine aerosol particles, here we show cationic surface active organics may make up a large fraction of the total surface active molecules in estuarine water (43%–47%).