群众路线指导下高职课堂教学改革研究

针对高职课堂教学中出现的重理论教学、轻实践教学、忽视学生学习需求的多样性和个体差异性等现实问题,以党的群众路线为指导,提出高职课堂教学改革应遵循"以学生需求为根本、以课堂教学质量为基础"的基本原则,坚持走学生路线,学会站在学生的立场看问题的教学方法,大力倡导"相信学生,依靠学生,从学生中来,到学生中去"的基本教学途径,努力提高学生对教学工作的认可度、满意度,争取更加良好的课堂教学效果。     

城市污水厌氧氨氧化工艺的菌群分析与效能评估

厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）是一种高效低耗的新型生物脱氮技术,在城市污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.在城市污水脱氮系统中,厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）是否存在、丰度如何及Anammox脱氮效能如何,是进行Anammox评估的重要指标.本研究重点介绍了在生物脱氮系统中进行AnAOB菌种测定和菌群结构分析的分子生物学技术及Anammox脱氮贡献率的计算方法 .结果发现,对于AnAOB的菌种测定和菌群结构分析,可采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链锁反应（qPCR）、16S rRNA高通量测序和宏基因组测序等分子生物学技术;Anammox脱氮贡献率可通过物料衡算法和¹⁵N同位素示踪法计算.同时,对这些评估方法存在的一些局限性也进行了阐述.总体而言,如何科学、有效、全面地评估Anammox在生物脱氮系统中发挥的作用仍是一个需要长期探究的课题.但随着相关研究的不断深入,检测手段和分析方法也会得到不断优化,这将为Anammox工艺的理论研究及工程应用提供重要支持.     

复杂DNAPL污染源区溶解相污染通量的升尺度计算

重非水相液体(DNAPL)污染场地中NAPL相污染物会持续溶解于地下水中,释放出溶解相污染羽,对人体健康产生威胁.准确评估DNAPL污染场地源区下游的溶解相污染通量至关重要.由于介质的非均质性常形成复杂DNAPL污染源区,其溶解相污染通量往往呈现出阶段性变化.目前溶解相污染通量计算普遍采用Christ等提出的双域升尺度模型,但该模型仅适用于弱非均质性的污染源区.本文基于大量强非均质性条件下的污染源区数值算例,修正了Christ双域模型中污染源区衰减指数的经验公式,将该模型的适用范围推广至强非均质性的复杂污染源区.通过蒙特卡罗数值算例及两个二维砂箱试验数据验证了修正模型的适用性和精度.对比结果表明:修正模型可广泛适用于不同结构的复杂DNAPL污染源区,与以往的计算方法相比,修正模型计算的溶解相污染通量精度提高了约35%.     

临汾市臭氧污染变化特征、气象影响及输送源分析

结合2014~2020年临汾市臭氧逐小时质量浓度和同期气象数据、再分析数据以及潜在源贡献函数法（PSCF）对临汾市O₃污染时空变化特征、与气象因子的关系以及传输路径及潜在源分布开展研究.结果表明,临汾市近年来臭氧污染日益严重,O₃_8h_max年均质量浓度整体呈现上升趋势,2020年相对于2014年增加78.79%;月变化特征呈现“M”双峰型,季节变化峰值出现在夏季,而日变化受近地面大气光化学过程影响显著,呈较为明显的单峰单谷分布,峰值出现在14：00~16：00.O₃浓度与气温和日照时数呈显著线性正相关,当研究区相对湿度为40%~60%,气温高于20℃,风速区间为2~6m/s时易出现高浓度O₃污染.聚类分析表明临汾市O₃重污染天气期间以短距离输送气流为主,高O₃浓度除受到本地生成影响外,还受到省内临近城市及陕西省中部、河南省北部重工企业排放的大量NO_x和VOCs传输的影响.因此,针对临汾市O₃污染在严格控制本地污染源排放的前提下,必须加强汾渭平原地区的联防联控,才能有效缓解该区域大气污染的连片发生.     

Protonated acetone ion chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for real-time measurement of atmospheric ammonia

Ammonia (NH₃) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, it can affect the formation of secondary aerosols and particulate matter, and cause soil eutrophication through sedimentation. Currently, the use of radioactive primary reagent ion source and the humidity interference on the sensitivity and stability are the two major issues faced by chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) in the analysis of atmospheric ammonia. In this work, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) Kr lamp was used to replace the radioactive source, and acetone was ionized under atmospheric pressure to obtain protonated acetone reagent ions to ionize ammonia. The ionization source is designed as a separated three-zone structure, and even 90 vol.% high-humidity samples can still be directly analyzed with a sensitivity of sub-ppbv. A signal normalization processing method was designed, and with this new method, the quantitative relative standard deviation (RSD) of the instrument was decreased from 17.5% to 9.1%, and the coefficient of determination was increased from 0.8340 to 0.9856. The humidity correction parameters of the instrument were calculated from different humidity, and the ammonia concentrations obtained under different humidity were converted to its concentration under zero humidity condition with these correction parameters. The analytical time for a single sample is only 60 sec, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 8.59 pptv (signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3). The ambient measurement made in Qingdao, China, in January 2021 with this newly designed CIMS, showed that the concentration of ammonia ranged from 1 to 130 ppbv.     

Research on distribution performance of desert sand for heat storage in downcomer

In this research, desert sand is used as the sensible heat storage medium, which exchanges heat with air in the downcomer to realize heat storage and heat release. The desert sand distribution uniformity has a significant impact on the heat exchange performance and efficiency between desert sand and air for the process of convection in the downcomer. Given the superiority of sensible heat storage in convective heat transfer between desert sand and air, distributors with cylinder or conical bore solid particles and homogeneity performance testing device are designed and manufactured on the basis of convection system equipped with solid particle–air downcomer. Then, the convection experiment between solid sand and air is researched. The greater the desert sand flow rate and higher the volume density, the larger the variance of regional mass flow rate and the worse the homogeneity performance. For the cylinder bore distributor, the smaller the sand particle size is, the greater affected the sand groups can be. The sand homogeneity performance is preferable with the two particle size ranges: 0.18-0.25 mm and 0.15-0.18 mm. The total sand flow rate decreases, but the uniformity improves with the increase of the air flow velocity, and the best distribution performance is achieved at an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. However, the distribution performance declines with the air flow velocity persistently increasing because the sand groups are pushed to one pipe side close to the wall. The sand groups deflect seriously with the air flow velocity increasing.     

苏州城区能见度与颗粒物浓度和气象要素的相关分析

利用苏州市2009年9月─2010年5月的颗粒物(包括黑碳,PM_2.5和PM₁₀)质量浓度、能见度、相对湿度、风速、风向、气温等观测资料,分析了苏州城区能见度与颗粒物质量浓度及气象要素的相关关系.结果表明:ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀₎与能见度的r(相关系数)分别为-0.465,-0.359和-0.238,这3种颗粒物中,能见度与ρ(黑碳)的相关性最显著.当相对湿度≤60%时,ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀₎与能见度的r分别为-0.675,-0.411和-0.364.相对湿度较低时,颗粒物与能见度相关性较好.能见度与温度、风速的r分别为0.132和0.188,与相对湿度的r为-0.632.用颗粒物质量浓度和气象要素建立的能见度多元线性回归模型效果不好,在该模型基础上用ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM₁₀₎和相对湿度建立了能见度的多元二次回归模型,R(复相关系数)达到0.865,R2(复决定系数)达到0.749.      

土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅的GF-AAS测定及其分布特性

采集不同苦丁茶树的根、茎、叶及对应的土壤样品,经过清洗、烘干、研磨等预处理后,采用高压密封罐加热消解,加入磷酸氢二铵作为基体改进剂,通过氘灯扣除背景,以石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)测定样品中的铅,铅浓度在0.000—60.000ng.ml-1时与吸光度呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.9999,检出限为0.200ng.ml-1,方法精密度RSD5%,回收率93%—107%.用上述方法研究土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅的分布表明,各种苦丁茶树及土壤中铅的分布具有类似规律,即土壤中铅含量远高于茶树中,茶树的地下部分含量分布为:吸收根主根,地上部分为:枯叶茎老叶嫩叶,其中嫩叶中铅含量远低于限量指标(Pb≤5.0μg.g-1),对茶叶服用的安全性有利.     

Integrated modelling of foraging behaviour, energy budget and memory properties

A predator's foraging performance is related to its ability to acquire sufficient information on environmental profitability. This process can be affected by the patchy distribution and clustering of food resources and by the food intake process dynamics.We simulated body mass growth and behaviour in a forager acting in a patchy environment with patchy distribution of both prey abundance and body mass by an individual-based model. In our model, food intake was a discrete and stochastic process and leaving decision was based on the estimate of net energy gain and searching time during their foraging activities. The study aimed to investigate the effects of learning processes and food resource exploitation on body mass and survival of foragers under different scenarios of intra-patch resource distribution.The simulation output showed that different sources of resource variability between patches affected foraging efficiency differently. When prey abundance varied across patches, the predator stayed longer in poorest patches to obtain the information needed and its performance was affected by the cost of sampling and the resulting assessment of the environment proved unreliable. On the other hand, when prey body mass, but not abundance, varied among the patches the predator was quickly able to assess local profitability. Both body mass and survival of the predator were greatly affected by learning processes and patterns of food resource distribution.