武汉市郊区蔬菜地土壤磷素释放的主要影响因素研究

以武汉市城乡结合部蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,分析施磷水平、土壤含水率、淹水深度、淹水时间等对土壤磷素释放的影响。研究结果表明:①高水平施磷易导致磷素在土壤中的积累,当积累量超过土壤吸磷极限时,在雨水、浇灌水等的作用下磷素易进入水体;②土壤含水率对Olsen-P影响不显著;③淹水深度对土壤释磷量有着很大影响,在淹水初期,随着淹水深度提高,土壤释磷量增加;④在3 cm和6 cm淹水深度下,在0~3 d时间里,样品土壤释磷量占到整个淹水期总释磷量的80%~95%以上,随后急剧减小日趋缓和,直至达到一个相对稳定水平。     

液压支架安装运输车旋转机构动态特性分析

为进一步提高液压支架安装运输车旋转机构偏载工况下旋转调向的安全性,建立了旋转机构的数学模型,分析了齿轮接触力、旋转板与液压支架间摩擦阻力、主轴质心随旋转角的变化情况。以此为依据,改进了安装运输车旋转支撑结构,并进行了试验分析。结果表明:三种工况下,齿轮接触力始终波动,仅X向偏载时启动性能较好,Y向偏载对齿轮接触力影响较大,X、Y均偏载时齿轮运动不平衡,易出现啮合冲击;随着偏心距的增加,摩擦阻力激增明显,均值变大,液压支架和旋转板之间的相对滑动趋势越明显,X、Y向均偏载时会出现最大摩擦阻力超过最大允许的静摩擦力,旋转板和液压支架会发生瞬间滑动;随着偏心距的增大,主轴转速振动频率和幅度增大,偏载对主轴转动的稳定性具有很大影响;主轴质心在X、Y平面内的位移和Z向攒动均随着偏心距的增大而增大,且质心位置也随着偏载量的增加而变得越分散。     

鹤山大气超级站旱季单颗粒气溶胶化学特征研究

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱等仪器在鹤山大气超级站开展综合观测,结合ART-2a自适应共振神经网络聚类算法,将2013年11月4日~2013年12月30日期间监测到的1637330个细颗粒分成9类: EC-Fresh颗粒、EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-EC颗粒、Ca-EC颗粒、ECOC颗粒、OC-Levoglucosan颗粒、OC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒和Metal-rich颗粒.结果表明:该大气超级站所在地区旱季霾日有利于与水溶性二次无机组分混合的EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒的累积;晴朗天更有利于二次有机组分在气溶胶颗粒中生成,雨天受当地排放源的影响显著,含有较高EC-Fresh和K-EC颗粒.相关性的研究发现,EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒与能见度有良好的相关性,它们对霾的形成有至关重要的作用.     

极端暴雨条件下北江重金属非点源污染负荷估算

为掌握极端水文气象条件下北江上游地区重金属通量及非点源贡献,以2012年6月25日北江最大暴雨径流过程为研究对象,采用通量计算和基流分割理论,估算了北江上游高桥断面在极端暴雨条件下的溶解态重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd)通量及基流和非点源负荷,比较分析了暴雨径流前后不同阶段溶解态重金属的输运总量及特点. 结果表明:暴雨径流发生前、后30 d内,溶解态Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的通量分别达到24.1、91.4、14.6和3.4 t. 暴雨径流前、后的4个典型阶段中,以地表径流为主的全流域产流期(第Ⅱ阶段)污染负荷最重,Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd日均通量较洪水前(第Ⅰ阶段)分别增长了29.6、42.6、11.6和15.4倍. 深层地下水产流期(第Ⅳ阶段)Zn、Cu和Cd的输运强度较洪水前均有所下降,降幅在3.6%～33.6%之间. 基流重金属污染负荷比例仅占1.7%～9.9%,非点源污染负荷在90.1%～98.3%之间,洪峰期间(第Ⅱ阶段)非点源污染负荷所占比例在96.7%以上.      

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中吡咯里西啶类生物碱

建立了蜂蜜中5种吡咯里西啶类生物碱的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法.蜂蜜样品用50%甲醇超声提取,强阳离子交换固相萃取柱净化富集,超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱MRM模式检测,外标法定量.以Waters BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱分离,以含0.1%甲酸的乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱.倒千里光碱、千里光宁、千里光菲啉和野百合碱在0.2—100.0μg·kg-1,克氏千里光宁在1.0—200.0μg·kg-1的浓度范围内各化合物线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999,定量限在0.2—0.8μg·kg-1之间.在3个加标水平下,空白基质蜂蜜中的5种生物碱的平均回收率为82.0%—110.0%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于12.5%.方法准确可靠,适合于蜂蜜中吡咯里西啶类生物碱的测定.     

Simultaneous quantification of several classes of antibiotics in water,sediments, and fish muscles by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Precise and sensitive methods for the simultaneous determination of different classes of antibiotics, including sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim in surface water, sediments, and fish muscles were developed. In water samples, drugs were extracted with solid-phase extraction （SPE） by passing 1000 mL of water through hydrophilic lipophilic balanced （HLB） SPE cartridges. Sediment samples were solvent-extracted, followed by tandem SPE （strong anion exchange （SAX） ＋ HLB） clean-ups. Fish muscles were extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile and citric buffer （80：20, v/v） solution, and cleaned by SPE. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/ MS） with multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） detection was employed to quantify all compounds. The recoveries for the antibiotics in the spiked water, sediment, and fish samples were 60.2%-95.8%, 48.1%-105.3%, and 59.8%- 103.4%, respectively. The methods were applied to samples taken from Dianchi Lake, China. It showed that concentrations of the detected antibiotics ranged from limits of quantification （LOQ） to 713.6 ng- L1 （ofloxacin） in surface water and from less than LOQ to 344.8 μg·kg-1 （sulphamethoxazole） in sediments. The number of detected antibiotics and the overall antibiotic concentrations were higher in the urban area than the rural area, indicating the probable role of livestock and human activities as important sources of antibiotic contamination. In fish muscles, the concentration of norfioxacin was the highest （up to 38.5 μg·kg-1）, but tetracyclines and macrolides were relatively low. Results showed that the methods were rapid and sensitive, and capable of determining several classes of antibiotics from each of the water, sediment, and fish matrices in a single run.     

Simultaneous quantification of several classes of antibiotics in water,sediments, and fish muscles by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Precise and sensitive methods for the simultaneous determination of different classes of antibiotics, including sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim in surface water, sediments, and fish muscles were developed. In water samples, drugs were extracted with solid-phase extraction (SPE) by passing 1000 mL of water through hydrophilic lipophilic balanced (HLB) SPE cartridges. Sediment samples were solvent-extracted, followed by tandem SPE (strong anion exchange (SAX) + HLB) clean-ups. Fish muscles were extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile and citric buffer (80:20, v/v) solution, and cleaned by SPE. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection was employed to quantify all compounds. The recoveries for the antibiotics in the spiked water, sediment, and fish samples were 60.2%–95.8%, 48.1%–105.3%, and 59.8%–103.4%, respectively. The methods were applied to samples taken from Dianchi Lake, China. It showed that concentrations of the detected antibiotics ranged from limits of quantification (LOQ) to 713.6 ng·L^-1 (ofloxacin) in surface water and from less than LOQ to 344.8 μg·kg^-1 (sulphamethoxazole) in sediments. The number of detected antibiotics and the overall antibiotic concentrations were higher in the urban area than the rural area, indicating the probable role of livestock and human activities as important sources of antibiotic contamination. In fish muscles, the concentration of norfloxacin was the highest (up to 38.5 μg·kg^-1), but tetracyclines and macrolides were relatively low. Results showed that the methods were rapid and sensitive, and capable of determining several classes of antibiotics from each of the water, sediment, and fish matrices in a single run.     

全自动固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定地表水中18种头孢菌素

建立了超高效液相色谱串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS） 法测定地表水中18种头孢菌素的方法。采用全自动固相萃取技术进行前处理,地表水样经HLB固相萃取小柱富集后,用10%（V/V）的甲酸溶液（溶剂为甲醇）洗脱。优选BEH Shield RP18（1.7μm,2.1mm×100mm） 色谱柱进行分离,在电喷雾正离子（ESI+）模式下电离,多反应模式（MRM）下检测,外标法定量。结果表明：18种头孢菌素在5.0～100 μg/L 范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r）均＞0.999,方法检出限为0.5～1.8 ng/L,测定下限为2.0～7.2 ng/L。对地表水样品进行加标回收实验,18种头孢菌素的相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.5%～14.5%,加标回收率为64.3%～92.8%。该方法自动化程度高,结果稳定可靠,适用于地表水中头孢菌素的测定。     

华北地区夏季大气亚微米颗粒物的半挥发性特征

利用热扩散管TD(Thermal Denuder)与高分辨飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-ToF-AMS)联用法,于2013年6—7月对华北地区国家环境空气质量评价区域点香河的大气PM₁(亚微米颗粒物)及其组分〔OM(有机质)、SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+、Cl-〕进行连续在线观测,并实现了PM₁不同化学组分半挥发性特征的模拟分析. 结果表明:在观测期间,ρ(PM₁)平均值为 (47.9±47.3) μg/m3,其中OM贡献最大,达到38.2%〔ρ(OM)占ρ(PM₁)的比例,下同〕,之后依次为SO₄2-(33.7%)、NH₄+(13.8%)、NO₃-(12.3%)、Cl-(2.0%). 在PM₁的各化学组分中,NO₃-和Cl-的MFR(质量剩余分数)值最低(约0.40),表明二者的半挥发性最高,当温度为50 ℃时,约60%的NO₃-或Cl-进入气相中;SO₄2-的半挥发性最低,在50 ℃时仍有约90%的质量剩余;而OM和NH₄+的半挥发性居中. NO₃-的半挥发性受大气PM₁污染水平的影响,50 ℃时其半挥发性随着ρ(PM₁)的增加而升高. 当温度从50 ℃升至200 ℃时,残留有机气溶胶的O/C(原子数比)从0.47增至0.60,说明半挥发性组分多为氧化态较低的有机化合物. 此外,真空动力学粒径在60~2 000 nm的颗粒物在不同粒径段表现出相近的半挥发性. 大气PM₁半挥发性的定量分析结果可为全面认识大气颗粒物的物化性质及污染机理提供数据,也有助于空气质量模型的完善.      

Effects of ambient temperature on regulated gaseous and particulate emissions from gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles

• Emissions from two sedans were tested with gasoline, E10 and M15 at 30°C and -7°C. • As the temperature decreased, the PM, PN and BC emissions increased with all fuels. • Particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more sensitive to the temperature. • The PN and BC generated during cold start-up dominated those over the WLTC. Ambient temperature has substantial impacts on vehicle emissions, but the impacts may differ between traditional and alcohol gasolines. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on gaseous and particulate emissions with both traditional and alcohol gasoline. Regulated gaseous, particle mass (PM), particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) emissions from typical passenger vehicles were separately quantified with gasoline, E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume) and M15 (15% methanol and 85% gasoline by volume) at both 30°C and -7°C. The particulate emissions with all fuels increased significantly with decreased temperature. The PM emissions with E10 were only 48.0%–50.7% of those with gasoline at 30°C but increased to 59.2%-79.4% at -7°C. The PM emissions with M15 were comparable to those with gasoline at 30°C, but at -7°C, the average PM emissions were higher than those with gasoline. The variation trend of PN emissions was similar to that of PM emissions with changes in the fuel and temperature. At 30°C, the BC emissions were lower with E10 and M15 than with gasoline in most cases, but E10 and M15 might emit more BC than gasoline at -7°C, especially M15. The results of the transient PN and BC emission rates show that particulate emissions were dominated mainly by those emitted during the cold-start moment. Overall, the particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more easily affected by ambient temperature, and the advantages of E10 and M15 in controlling particulate emissions declined as the ambient temperature decreased.