Carbon materials-catalyzed hydroliquefaction of flame-retardant plastics in organic solvents

Flame-retardant plastics, such as desktop and laptop personal computer bodies, could be completely liquefied by carbon materials-catalyzed hydroliquefaction in tetralin without using H₂ as a hydrogen source. Active carbons with larger surface areas (1450–3450 m²/g) acted as superior catalysts in transferring tetralin hydrogens to plastics. On the other hand, carbon blacks and fullerene-rich soot were less active catalysts. Graphite and mesocarbon microbeads did not show any catalytic effects. Benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were obtained as recyclable hydrocarbons; their total amounts varied from 4 wt% to 12 wt% depending on the types of plastics and the carbon materials used. Organic bromides such as polybromodioxins were not contained in the gases and oils of the product. Received: July 19, 2000 / Accepted: September 17, 2000     

火灾中建材燃烧毒性的试验研究

通过探讨火灾中燃烧毒性对人体的危害和分析国外主要的毒性研究方法，研制了毒气热分解仪并对部分有一定代表性的建材进行了实测研究。根据研究结果提出了相应的结论意见。     

Influence of the composition of the initial mixtures on the chemical composition,physicochemical properties and humic-like substances content of composts

The influence of the proportion of C- and N-rich raw materials (initial C/N ratio) and bulking agent on the chemical functional groups composition, humic-like substances (HS-like) content and physicochemical properties of composts was assessed. To achieve these goals, seven initial mixtures (BA1–6 and C1) of dog food (N-rich raw material) were composted with wheat flour (C-rich raw material). Composts were analyzed in terms of chemical functional groups, physicochemical, maturity and stability parameters.The C-rich raw material favored the formation of oxidized organic matter (OM) during the composting process, as suggested by the variation of the ratios of the peaks intensity of FT-IR spectra, corresponding to a decrease of the polysaccharides and an increase of aromatic and carboxyl-containing compounds. However, although with high proportion of C-rich raw material, mixtures with low initial C/N seems to have favored the accumulation of partially oxidized OM, which may have contributed to high electrical conductivity values in the final composts. Therefore, although favoring the partial transformation of OM into stabilized HS-like, initial mixtures with high proportion of C-rich raw material but with low initial C/N led to unstable composts.On the other hand, as long as a high percentage of bulking agent was used to promote the structure of biomass and consequently improve of the aeration conditions, low initial C/N was not a limiting factor of OM oxidation into extractable stabilized humic-like acids.     

微米SiC/石墨烯复合物光催化降解罗丹明B

为发展低耗和环境友好的有机物降解技术,采用光催化还原制备微米级碳化硅(SiC)/石墨烯复合材料,XRD、FTIR、Raman光谱、XPS和SEM等手段表征其物相组成和形貌结构,并以罗丹明B(RhB)为模拟污染物,研究了复合材料在可见光照射下的光催化活性和稳定性;通过活性物种捕获实验初步探讨了RhB的光催化降解机制.结果表明,SiC与石墨烯复合延长了光生电子和光生空穴的寿命,提高了材料的光催化活性与稳定性.当SiC/石墨烯配比为1∶0. 8时,光照60 min时RhB的降解率可以达到92. 7%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程.光催化降解RhB过程中,主要活性物种的贡献依次为:光生空穴(h~+)超氧阴离子自由基(·O_2~-)光生电子(e~-)羟基自由基(·OH).     

Historical trends in the anthropogenic heavy metal levels in the tidal flat sediments of Lianyungang, China

The sedimentation of metals can preserve the historical record of contaminant input from local and regional sources and provide information on the historical changes in regional water and sediment quality. We report the ²¹⁰Pb activities and the heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) depth profiles from sediment cores retrieved in 2010. The mean sedimentation rates of 0.85-1.5 cm/yr are determined by ²¹⁰Pb dating. The sediments in the tidal flat have recorded heavy metal deposition and thus allow the establishment of a connection between the temporal evolution of the heavy metal pollution and the historical changes in the economic development of Lianyungang. The enrichment factors (EF) are calculated to estimate the level of contamination stored in these sediments. The results show that in the studied sites, Cr and Cu display low EF values and are mainly from lithogenic origin. For the other studied trace metals, a great variability in the sedimentary record is observed. Significant anthropogenic enrichment over the last 50 years is revealed at the tidal flat that receives fluvial inputs. Zinc is the element with the highest EF values, followed by the order of Pb > Cd > Mn > Cu and Cr. The temporal variations of the heavy metals peak during the late 1980s to the early 2000s and show a decreasing trend afterward. The pollution intensity of the tidal flat is determined by using EF and the geo-accumulation index (I_geo), which show that, based on the I_geo scale, the tidal flat of Haizhou Bay is unpolluted to moderately polluted.     

利用稳定同位素202Hg稀释技术判定不同来源有机肥施用对外源汞在土壤中形态分布的影响

有机肥施入土壤后,是否会对土壤重金属的活性及植物吸收造成影响是人们关心的问题.本研究应用稳定同位素²⁰²Hg稀释技术,通过培养实验和改进的Tessier连续提取法,探索不同来源有机肥(秸秆、杨树叶、油枯、酒糟、猪粪、鸡粪)施用对外源汞在天津潮土中形态分布及有效性的影响.结果表明,在连续提取法中结合同位素²⁰²Hg稀释技术,通过同位素比值R_Hg(²⁰²Hg/²⁰⁰Hg)的变化对Hg进行形态分析,相比传统的对Hg形态直接进行含量测定,可以更精确直观地反映出Hg形态分布的变化.在潮土中加入外源²⁰²Hg和有机肥后,同位素比值R_Hg最为显著的变化集中在交换态(含水溶态)、胡敏酸结合态、富里酸结合态及有机质结合态,且不同来源有机肥对Hg形态的影响也主要集中在这部分形态,对碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态的影响较小.与未加入有机肥的对照处理相比,猪粪及鸡粪的施用使外源示踪²⁰²Hg显著向活性较强的交换态(含水溶态)、富里酸结合态转移,而在胡敏酸结合态中比例降低,下降幅度约为55%(猪粪)和58%(鸡粪).油枯及酒糟的施用,使外源示踪²⁰²Hg显著向活性较低的胡敏酸结合态转移,其同位素比值R_Hg分别增长了约90%(酒糟)和85%(油枯),而在活性较高的交换态(含水溶态)和富里酸结合态中分布比例降低.秸秆和杨树叶对于污染土壤Hg形态分布的影响并不显著.研究结果表明,不同来源的有机肥对Hg污染潮土中Hg的形态分布有显著影响,因此,在Hg污染农田土壤上施用有机肥料需要格外谨慎.     

Evaluation of zeolite-sand mixtures as reactive materials protecting groundwater at waste disposal sites

To recognize properties of a mixture of Vistula sand (medium sand acc. to USCS) with Slovak zeolite as reactive materials suitable for permeable reactive barriers proposed for protection of groundwater environment in vicinity of old landfills comprehensive laboratory investigations were performed. The present study investigates the removal of contaminants specific for landfill leachates onto zeolite-sand mixtures containing 20%, 50% and 80% of zeolite (ZS20, ZS50 and ZS80). Taking into account the results of batch tests it was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm best fitted the data. It was observed that the presence of ammonium, calcium and magnesium decreases the removal efficiency of copper by 32%. Column tests of contaminant migration through the attenuation zone of the reactive materials were interpreted using the software package CXTFIT, which solves a one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Column test results also indicate the strong influence of the presence of interfering substances on copper immobilisation; dynamic sorption capacities decrees twofold. Throughout the landfill leachate flow through ZS80 sample, a constant reduction of NH+4 (at 100%), K+ (at 93%) and Fe total (at an average of 86%) were observed. There was no reduction in chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand.     

步兵轻武器新型夜瞄复合荧光材料耐腐蚀性能研究

采用自制的复合荧光粉体和化学载体成分,研制出一种步兵轻武器新型夜瞄复合荧光材料。采用酸溶液、碱溶液和盐溶液浸泡腐蚀的方法,研究了针对有关武器表面处理的酸性和碱性环境以及海水浸泡环境下材料的耐腐蚀性能。试验结果表明,研制的新材料具有良好的耐酸、耐碱、耐盐腐蚀性能,可满足步兵轻武器夜间瞄准需求。     

丹江口水库典型入库支流氮磷动态特征研究

重污染的神定河(接收城市污染)、中污染的大柏河(接收城镇污染)以及轻污染的五龙池(接收轻微农业面源污染)是丹江口水库3条典型入库支流.在2010年4月～2011年4月对这3条入库支流及其河口水质监测的基础上,分析了水中氮、磷的动态变化特征,并利用综合营养状态指数法对其营养状态进行评价.结果表明,神定河的TN、TP全年浓度均值分别为11.63 mg.L-1、0.93 mg.L-1,与五龙池(TN为4.41 mg.L-1,TP为0.076 mg.L-1)相比分别超过3倍和12倍;大柏河的TN、TP全年浓度均值分别为4.79 mg.L-1、0.15 mg.L-1,略高于五龙池中TN、TP浓度均值.3条支流及其河口中营养盐的时间差异为TN浓度在丰水期低于枯水期,而多数支流中TP浓度在枯水期低于丰水期.神定河中NH4+-N占TN的质量分数高达69%,其它支流及河口中NH4+-N占TN的质量分数均低于20%.NO3--N浓度变化范围为1.3～2.7 mg.L-1,SRP占TP的质量分数为30%～45%.神定河及其河口氮、磷营养元素比例关系研究表明神定河总体处于氮限制状态,河口总体处于磷限制状态.综合营养状态指数评价显示3条典型污染入库支流及其河口都处于富营养化状态,轻污染的五龙池的入库河口(东库湾)处于轻度富营养化状态.     

严酷海洋大气环境下玻璃纤维复合材料腐蚀老化规律研究

目的 研究严酷海洋大气环境下,玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料的腐蚀老化规律.方法 通过实海大气环境试验,分析了南海岛礁大气环境下,复合材料暴露不同周期后的腐蚀形貌特征以及力学性能变化规律,建立了腐蚀老化性能预测灰色模型GM(1,1),并与青岛、厦门和三亚等典型海洋大气环境进行对比研究.结果 随暴露时间的增长,南海岛礁大气环境下的复合材料发生严重的纤维裸露,其弯曲强度呈下降趋势,基于弯曲强度建立的灰色模型GM(1,1)精度达到1级;与其他典型海洋大气环境相比,随着纬度的降低,复合材料的弯曲强度呈下降趋势.结论 灰色模型GM(1,1)对复合材料在岛礁等严酷海洋大气环境下的腐蚀老化性能预测精度较高.影响复合材料性能的最主要环境因素为辐照,其次为相对湿度和温度.