硅和磷配合施入对镉污染土壤的修复改良

为了研究两种改良剂配合施入对重金属污染土壤的改良效果,以棕壤为供试土壤,以玉米（OryzasativaL.）作为供试作物,采用二元二次正交回归组合设计方法,通过室外盆栽试验,研究了硅和磷配合施入对镉污染土壤中玉米生物量以及玉米茎叶中镉吸收量的影响。结果表明：硅、磷施入都能增加镉污染条件下玉米的生物量,其中磷的增产作用大于硅;硅、磷施入都能降低镉污染条件下玉米茎叶中的镉含量,硅降低玉米茎叶中镉含量的效应大于磷;硅、磷配合施入降低玉米茎叶中镉含量的效果大于上述两种改良剂单独施入。在本实验条件范围内,当硅为6.60g·kg-1,磷施入量范围在2.29～2.39g·kg-1时,玉米茎叶中镉含量为最低。因此可以由硅磷配合施入改良重金属污染的土壤。     

南运河重金属污染状况及生态风险评价

采集南运河的水样和沉积物样品,对其重金属污染状况和生态风险进行了分析评价。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对水、沉积物中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)浓度进行分析。结果显示南运河水样中这5种重金属浓度均低于地表水环境质量标准I类水质标准,虽然运河上游沉积物中As和Cd浓度较高,但沉积物中重金属浓度总体上均处于较低水平。地累积指数法计算显示:As和Cd在部分河段达到重度和中度污染水平,Cu、Cr、Pb均处于无污染水平。各种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(Eir)从大到小的顺序为:CdAsCuPbCr,与地累积指数法结果相似。南运河总的潜在生态风险指数(RI)均值为128.85,潜在生态风险程度为"中",沉积物中Cd和As是南运河需要优先控制的重金属污染物。     

Exploring the lay/expert divide: the attribution of responsibilities for coal ash pollution in Tuzla,Bosnia and Herzegovina

Invoking expert knowledge is a common strategy in attempts to settle environmental disputes. However, the validity of expertise is contingent upon the context in which an actor is recognised as an expert. In complex environmental conflicts the distinction between lay and expert knowledge is not always fixed a priori. However, as conflicts unfold, intervening parties tend to present their cases in ways that reinforce this distinction. This is apparent in the attribution of environmental responsibilities. This paper presents an empirical case of an environmental conflict related to land contamination due to coal ash disposal in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis revealed two polar positions in the conflict: the first one, mainly held by scientists and industry representatives, invoked expert knowledge and presented a distributed approach to the attribution of responsibilities; the second one, mainly held by local residents and municipal officials, presented an experiential understanding of pollution, as lay knowledge, and attributed direct responsibilities to the local energy industry. The paper concludes that the persistence of the distinction between expert and lay knowledge is a manifestation of the social structures that underlie the conflict.     

Community epidemiology and environmental health risk from dioxin contamination in Paritutu

This article explores community-awareness perspectives and actions towards dioxin-related health exposure in Paritutu Community, New Plymouth, New Zealand. The actions are analysed through media reports, covering a 10-year period from 1998 to 2008. Since 1964, Paritutu Community residents have expressed concern about increased morbidity associated with dioxin contamination from a nearby agrichemical plant. Upon investigation, official agencies were at first unable to verify a causal link between dioxin and morbidity, precipitating community activism and increasing public pressure on relevant authorities. Residents played a major role in alleviating further damage to their community by analysing and evaluating data and providing information that ultimately resulted in both official recognition of their environmental health risk and preventative strategies to alleviate their morbidity. This article backgrounds the Paritutu Community Epidemiology approach and evaluates stages in how the Paritutu Community overcame indifference and lack of precaution and exerted influence leading to the removal of the source of contamination and positive policy changes in public health including the setting up of ameliorative health services for affected people. The findings of this research support theories of popular, lay, community and worker epidemiology.     

重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属（包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd）复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）Glomus mosseae对蚕豆（Vicia faba）生长及DNA损伤的影响。结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异。采用单细胞凝胶电泳（single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE）法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合。结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致。     

Pre-feasibility study of stand-alone hybrid energy systems for applications in eco-houses

In light of rising cost of fossil fuels and fears of its depletion, coupled with the increase in energy demand and the rise in pollution levels, governments worldwide have had to look at alternative energy resources. Combining renewable energy generation like solar power with superior storage and conversion technology such as hydrogen storage, fuel cells and batteries offers a potential solution for a stand-alone power system. The aim of this paper was to assess the techno-economic feasibility of using a hybrid energy system with hydrogen fuel cell for application in an eco-house that will be built in Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. Actual load data for a typical Omani house of a similar size as the eco-house was considered as the stand-alone load with an average energy consumption of 40 kW/day and 5 kW peak power demand. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewable software was used as a sizing and optimisation tool for the system. It was found that the total annual electrical energy production is 42,255 kW and the cost of energy for this hybrid system is 0.582 $/kW. During daylight time, when the solar radiation is high, the photovoltaics (PV) panels supplied most of the load requirements. Moreover, during the evening time the fuel cell mainly serves the house with the help of the batteries. The proposed system is capable of providing the required energy to the eco-house during the whole year using only the solar irradiance as the primary source.     

西昌邛海沉积物重金属含量时空变化与污染评价

通过对四川省西昌市邛海沉积岩芯10种金属元素全量与表层沉积物7种重金属元素全量和赋存形态的分析,研究了近百年来重金属累积和污染的时空特征及其在表层沉积物中的潜在生态风险.20世纪70年代之前,沉积岩芯中金属元素含量均较为稳定;70年代沉积物中Al、Fe、K和Cr含量呈明显的峰值,与流域降水量增加及围湖造田和毁林开荒等导致的细颗粒表土侵蚀输入有关;90年代以来,随着流域土壤侵蚀强度降低,Al、Fe、K和Cr等含量总体呈下降趋势,而As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量逐渐升高或较为稳定.富集系数结果表明,沉积岩芯中Cd、Pb和Zn受到不同程度的人为污染;其中Cd污染最重,污染开始于20世纪60年代,90年代以来保持在中等污染水平.表层沉积物中,Cd在西北部湖区含量较高,其余重金属含量空间变化趋势不明显;Cd、Pb和Zn的有效态质量分数平均分别为95%、63%和48%,其中Cd以酸可提取态为主,Pb和Zn主要赋存于可还原态和可氧化态中;其余重金属有效态质量分数平均值小于27%.重金属全量与有效态含量结果均表明,表层沉积物中Pb和Zn为轻度污染或中度污染水平,Cd平均为中度污染水平,但在西北部湖区达到了重度污染水平.基于重金属全量与有效态含量分别估算的表层沉积物中人为源Cd、Pb和Zn的含量较为接近（P>0.05）,说明人为输入的重金属在沉积物中主要赋存于有效态中.综合沉积物质量基准、潜在生态风险指数评价结果及重金属赋存形态,表层沉积物中Cd具有较强的潜在生态风险,其余重金属表现为低生态风险.     

硅肥等量施用对土壤镉生物有效性和水稻吸收镉的影响

为研究硅（Si）肥等量施用对水稻不同生育期吸收镉（Cd）和土壤Cd生物有效性的影响,采用5种不同种类的Si肥（SiO₂用量为225 kg ·hm^-2）开展田间小区试验.结果表明,随着水稻生育期的延长,水稻根系和茎叶的Cd含量增加;施用Si肥,不同生育期水稻根系、茎叶和籽粒Cd含量平均分别降低14.9%、28.2%和12.2%;硅钙镁铁肥（SiCaMgFe）和水溶Si肥（SiW）处理,籽粒Cd含量分别比对照处理降低21.1%（P<0.05）和21.2%（P<0.05）;水稻根表铁膜中Cd含量（DCB-Cd）随着水稻生育期延长而增加,施用Si肥,水稻不同生育期DCB-Cd含量有高有低,DCB-Cd是根系Cd含量的15.8%~42.8%;与对照相比,施用Si肥水稻成熟期土壤可交换态Cd （Exc-Cd）含量平均降低36.4%,其它形态的含量平均增加12.5%~48.2%.水稻全生育期根系Cd与Si呈极显著负相关,与DCB-Cd呈极显著正相关,DCB-Cd与土壤有效态Cd和有效态Si呈极显著负相关,土壤Exc-Cd与Carb-Cd呈极显著负相关,土壤有效态Cd与pH值呈显著负相关.施用相同Si肥用量,SiCaMgFe和SiW处理降低水稻Cd含量的效果好;施用Si肥通过提高土壤pH值和土壤有效Si含量、降低土壤有效态Cd和Exc-Cd含量,促进Exc-Cd向Carb-Cd转移,减少根表铁膜对Cd的吸附,从而减少水稻对土壤Cd的吸收.     

镉胁迫下两种不同小白菜的生长、镉吸收及其亚细胞分布特征

通过室内溶液培养试验,研究了镉（0.5 m·gL-1、5.0 m·gL-1）胁迫对两个不同镉耐性小白菜品种上海青（Cd敏感型）和杭油冬（Cd耐性）的生长、Cd吸收及亚细胞分布的影响.结果表明,高Cd胁迫10 d后两个小白菜生长受到严重抑制,植物地上部和地下部Cd含量随着Cd处理浓度的增加而增加,且Cd主要积累在植物的根...     

基于细胞尺度的光照对四尾栅藻生长的影响

以四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricauda）为研究对象,采用平行平板流动腔装置,基于计算机视觉的藻细胞动态生长观察方法,从单细胞尺度研究不同光照强度对四尾栅藻藻细胞生长的影响.成功建立了四尾栅藻个体生长曲线模型,模型拟合效果良好.结果表明：在8000lux光照强度下,藻细胞的体积最大比生长速率最大,即四尾栅藻生长的最适光照强度为8000lux;适宜的光照条件可以增加藻细胞分裂时的大小,小于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂体积随着光照强度的增加而增加,大于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂时体积反而越来越小;较高的光照强度还有利于藻细胞适应新的环境,减少藻细胞复苏时间.