二丁与连翘药渣联合堆肥腐熟度评价

为了对不同比例的二丁与连翘药渣堆肥腐熟度进行评价,采用条垛式好氧堆肥方式,将二丁和连翘两种药渣按照5种不同的比例进行堆肥处理,通过分析堆肥过程中温度、pH、C/N和发芽指数等指标的变化规律,对堆肥腐熟度进行评价。结果表明:在试验处理条件下及堆肥周期内,单一药渣堆肥的两组处理未能完全腐熟,混合药渣堆肥的3组处理均已达到完全腐熟的标准,说明两种药渣混合后进行堆肥,可以有效促进堆肥的顺利进行,且二丁与连翘比例为2∶1(质量比)时发酵效果最好。3组混合药渣的发酵产物可以作为有机肥或土壤改良剂施用,也可以与化肥配合,制备成有机/无机配方肥。     

利用小麦三叶期毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害的探讨

为探明小麦三叶期幼苗和成熟期籽实产量的Ni毒害效应及其相互关系,实现小麦作物Ni毒害的早期诊断,以春小麦"冀张春3号"为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了外源Ni对小麦三叶期幼苗生长发育和成熟期籽实产量的影响,并对小麦三叶期和成熟期的生理指标进行相关分析.结果表明,外源Ni投加量100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量和籽实产量无明显下降(p0.05),茎叶中可溶性糖含量(p0.05)和硝酸盐含量(p0.01)增加,茎叶干鲜比值增加;Ni投加量≥100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量、可溶性糖、硝酸盐含量和成熟期籽实产量均明显下降(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶中淀粉和抗坏血酸含量明显增加(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶干鲜比值下降.土壤中各形态Ni与小麦三叶期幼苗中Ni呈显著正相关(p0.01),土壤和幼苗中Ni与茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和籽实产量均呈显著负相关(p0.05或p0.01),表明小麦三叶期幼苗毒害和成熟期籽实产量下降是由作物体内Ni毒害造成的且无观察效应浓度(NOEC)一致;同时试验观察到小麦三叶期幼苗茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和硝酸盐含量变化与成熟期籽实产量呈显著正相关关系(p0.05或p0.01),表明利用小麦三叶期幼苗Ni毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害是可行的.试验确定外源Ni对小麦成熟期籽实产量的无观察效应浓度为:土壤全Ni含量为139.08 mg·kg~(-1),土壤有效态Ni(DTPA提取)含量为21.59 mg·kg~(-1),小麦茎叶Ni含量为15.37 mg·kg~(-1),小麦根系Ni含量为361.78 mg·kg~(-1).     

Identification and assay of microbial fatty acids during co-composting of active sewage sludge with palm waste by TMAH-thermochemolysis coupled with GC-MS

The fatty acids of two composts of active sludge with palm tree waste were investigated by thermochemolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This method (tetramethylammonium hydroxide-pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) allowed the direct determination of total fatty acids (analysed as fatty acid methyl esters: FAMEs) present in the organic matter of the samples without any separation procedures. Mixture A was 1/3 sludge+2/3 palm waste and mixture B was 1/2 sludge+1/2 palm waste. The level of FAMEs rose by 8.4–33.3% and 10.8–13.4% in mixtures A and B, respectively, after 6 months of co-composting. Branched FAMEs of bacterial origin (iC15:0) rose during the thermophilic phase, in mixture A the aC17:0/aC15:0 ratio increased during the co-composting process, also in mixture B the aC16:0/C16:0 ratio rose but only during the thermophilic phase. All the FAMEs identified showed a drop at the end of co-composting except for C18:0 and C16:0. The stabilisation phase was characterised by a significant rise in the length of the aliphatic chains; the carbon preference index thus increased at the end of the composting process, indicating that the final product was proportionally richer in fatty acids of plant origin.     

电力生产班组安全管理能力成熟度模型研究

根据事故案例及统计数据,分析得出提升电力生产班组安全管理能力是提高电力生产企业安全管理水平、维护人员和设备安全的重要途径。将系统理论引入电力生产班组安全管理能力研究,将电力生产看做一个动态的过程,把握住人、机、环境三大要素,以增量方式逐步引入三要素的发展变化,建立起生产班组安全管理能力成熟度5级模型:初始级、可重复级、已定义级、已管理级、改进优化级。只有达到上一级人、机、环境所要求的指标,安全管理能力成熟度可达上一级,电力生产班组可按一系列小的改良性步骤向更高的成熟度等级前进。安全管理能力成熟度达到改进优化级的电力生产班组可自发的不断改进,防止同类缺陷二次出现。     

灰色聚类法在堆肥腐熟度评价中的应用

提出运用灰色聚类法综合评价堆肥腐熟度.选取表观指数、碳氮比变化率、平均耗氧速率、氨氮变化率、高温嗜粪菌计数及霉菌计数6项评价指标,对浦东、塘湾、玉垒、丹阳4个厂家的堆肥产品进行了聚类分析并给出了评价结果.其中,浦东、玉垒、丹阳3个厂家的堆肥产品归入Ⅱ级较好腐熟,而塘湾厂家的产品归入Ⅲ级基本腐熟.通过与模糊综合评价法比较可知,灰色聚类法不仅具有模糊综合评价法的优点,又克服了其不足之处,是堆肥腐熟度评价的一种好方法.     

Reproductive biology of the spiny lobster, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panulirus Penicillatus</Emphasis>, in the southeastern coastal waters off Taiwan

The reproductive biology of spiny lobster, Panulirus penicillatus, was studied based on 2,068 lobsters, ranging from 34.28 to 131.60 mm carapace length (CL), sampled in Taitung coastal waters from September 2003 to December 2004. The overall sex ratio approximated 1:1 (χ² = 0.02, P > 0.05), but the monthly sex ratios in 2004 showed significant differences and males were predominant in sizes larger than 80 mm CL. Reproductive activity, assessed using histology, a gonadosomatic index and percentage of ovigerous females, indicated that the mature females could be found in every month and that the major spawning occurred from May to September. The presence of re-developing/re-ripe ovaries by month and size-specific spawning time suggest that larger mature females (>60 mm CL) spawn at least three times a year while smaller new mature females spawn at least once a year. For females, the estimated sizes at 50% physiological and functional maturity were (mean ± SE) 56.46 ± 0.56 mm CL and 66.63 ± 1.07 mm CL. The estimated sizes at functional maturity were between 72 and 74 mm CL for males. The number of eggs per spawning event (brood size, BS) was related to CL by the equation Y _BS = 2.4 × 10^-3CL^4.18 (r ² = 0.902, n = 12). Female lobsters with CL ranging from 60 to 80 mm made the greatest contributions to egg production because of their high brood size and active reproductive activity. A minimum legal size should be established for the fishery to protect egg production potential of lobster population in the southeastern coastal waters off Taiwan.     

Operational sex ratios and sperm limitation in populations of Drosophila pachea

Males of the cactophilic fruitfly, Drosophila pachea, produce relatively few but very large sperm, and partition their limited gamete numbers among successive mates. The present study found that males take 10 days longer than females, post-eclosion, to become sexually mature. The pattern of testes development suggests that the need to produce testes long enough to manufacture the giant sperm is the cause of the delayed male maturity. These findings generate the prediction that the operational sex ratio (OSR) of populations will be female-biased. The size, sex ratio, and OSR of natural populations were examined. In general, local populations tended to be small and sex ratios tended to be slightly male-biased. However, as predicted, the OSR of populations, at least in one season, tended to be female-biased, with an average of 2.3 receptive females for each sexually active male. Results of laboratory experiments to determine the relationship between female remating frequency and fitness, and between population OSR and productivity, suggest that natural populations with female-biased OSRs are sperm-limited. The origin and maintenance of sperm gigantism and the unusual sperm-partitioning behavior of males are discussed with respect to population structure.     

中性含氮化合物的演化及地化意义

通过对生油岩样品中的中性氮系列化合物含量和组成变化的系统研究 ,指出了含氮化合物的热演化规律和形成机制 ,含氮化合物是沉积有机质成岩演化的产物 ,其含量和组成明显受控于有机质成熟度 ;认为 1- / 4-甲基咔唑、苯并 [a]咔唑 /苯并 [c]咔唑等比值可作为成熟度参数。     

生油岩五环芳烃的热演化及成熟度参数

塔里木盆地中生界生油岩中的五环芳烃化合物的热演化呈规律性变化。成熟度较低的样品中的含量较高，苯并芘和苯并荧蒽的含量较低。随着成熟度的增加，含量逐渐下降，而苯并芘和苯并荧蒽的含量不断增多，这表明两者的成因及其演化途径不同。前者可能为有机质早期演化的产物，而后者主要来自环化和芳构化作用。生油层剖面样品分析资料表明，苯并[e]芘／和（苯并[e]芘＋苯并[a]芘）／之比值是良好的成熟度参数，它们可指示生油岩成油高峰期。     

Amniotic fluid analysis in a fetus with laryngeal atresia

Complete laryngeal atresia is a rare congenital malformation that is known to cause hypertrophy of the fetal lung in utero. A fetus with laryngeal atresia was found to have markedly immature amniotic fluid lung maturity studies at term. Inappropriately low amniotic fluid lung maturity studies may be an important clue to the diagnosis of this condition.