水稻光合同化碳在土壤中的矿化和转化动态

作物光合碳是"大气-植物-土壤"碳循环的重要组成部分,是农田土壤有机碳的重要来源,然而其在土壤碳库中的矿化和转化动态尚不清楚.应用室内模拟培养实验,研究水稻收获后输入土壤的光合同化碳在土壤碳库中的矿化及其转化特征.结果表明,100 d的培养期内,原有有机碳的平均矿化速率在4.44~17.8μg·(g·d)-1之间,而光合碳(新碳)的矿化速率则在0.15~1.51μg·(g·d)-1之间.光合同化碳的输入对土壤活性碳库(DOC、MBC)的转化产生显著影响,在培养期内,14C-DOC的转化量为1.89~5.32 mg·kg-1,转化速率的变化幅度为0.18~0.34 mg·(kg·d)-1,原有DOC则在61.13~90.65 mg·kg-1,减少幅度为4.10~5.48 mg·(kg·d)-1;14C-MBC和原有MBC的转化量分别为10.92~44.11 mg·kg-1和463.31~1 153.46mg·kg-1,转化速率变化幅度分别为0.80~2.87 mg·(kg·d)-1和41.60~74.46 mg·(kg·d)-1,说明水稻光合碳的输入对MBC的周转要大于DOC的周转.而且,与原有有机碳相比,输入的"新碳"易被微生物矿化分解,100 d的培养期内,有13.5%~20.2%的新碳被矿化分解,而仅2.2%~3.7%的原有有机碳被矿化分解,光合同化碳的输入对维持稻田土壤的碳汇功能具有重要作用.     

桑树(Morus alba)幼苗对铅污染的生理耐性和积累能力的性别差异

以桑树(Morus alba)雌雄幼苗为实验材料,研究了施铅处理对其生长发育、生理过程和铅元素积累的影响,以揭示桑树幼苗对铅污染的生理耐性和积累能力的性别差异.结果表明:施铅后桑树雌雄幼苗的可溶性蛋白(Pr)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著增加,雄株增幅略高于雌株,而丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率无显著变化;雌雄幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著增加,雄株比雌株具有更高的Pn和Tr;雌雄幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及叶绿素相对含量显著增加,雄株增幅高于雌株;雌雄幼苗的形态生长与地上部生物量显著增加,根冠比显著降低,而雄株比雌株具有更高的株高、基径和总叶片数;铅在植物体内的分布为根叶茎,雄株根、叶中的铅含量和转移系数略高于雌株.综上,灌施剂量为800 mg·kg-1的铅离子对桑树雄株幼苗生长的促进作用高于雌株,雄株比雌株具有更强的生理耐性和积累能力.     

木质生物燃料与其半焦的混燃实验研究

生物质半焦作为生物质气化的副产物,其固定碳含量和热值均高于原生物质.若将生物质半焦充分利用将大幅提高生物质利用的能量效率,具有很大的经济和环境效益.在综合热分析基础上,考察了生物质半焦添加比例(掺烧比)对生物质微米燃料旋风炉燃烧炉膛温度、烟气及灰分的影响.试验研究发现掺烧比为20%(空气当量比为1.2,粉体粒径在0.177 mm以下,生物质含水率控制在8.1%以下),燃烧效果最好,燃烧效率高达98%,燃烧烟气中有害气体NOx和SO2的含量较少.     

三峡库区典型消落带土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的变化特征及其影响因素探讨

本文以三峡库区王家沟一典型消落带为研究对象,选择180、175、165和155 m这4个高程以探讨水位变化对土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)和微生物生物量氮(SMBN)的影响.其中,175、165和155m高程坐落在消落带内,分别表现为短、中和长期淹水,180 m高程作为对照,为永不淹水的陆地.土壤样品的采集深度为0~20 cm,每周采集一次.结果表明,180 m高程处土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)均无明显的季节变化,而175 m高程处SOC和TN季节变化明显,表现为春夏季高于秋冬季;各高程上的SMBC和SMBN及其分配比例呈现出秋高夏低的季节变化形态,表明消落带夏季高温低湿的土壤环境限制了微生物活性及土壤有机碳氮的周转速率.数据分析表明,与180 m高程相比,消落带上的175 m和165 m高程SOC、TN、SMBC及微生物商、SMBN及其分配比例均得到不同程度的升高,而155 m高程除了SMBN及其分配比例与对照无显著差异外,其他指标均显著低于对照,表明与未淹水对照点相比较,中短期淹水有利于提高消落带土壤碳氮含量及周转速率和微生物生物量,而长期受到江水淹没胁迫的土壤则会抑制土壤碳氮以及SMBC含量,并降低SOC的周转速率.相关分析表明,SMBC和SMBN均与地下5 cm处温度和p H呈极显著负相关,说明地下5cm处的温度以及p H对土壤微生物生物量有强烈的影响.     

梵净山不同森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量及空间分布特征

为做好梵净山国家级自然保护区森林植被保护,摸清自然保护区森林植被资源家底,采用2016年第四次森林资源规划设计调查数据及变更至2019年的森林资源数据,计算和分析保护区内森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量.梵净山8种森林类型的总生物量为443.72×104 t,总碳储量为219.80×104 t,总生长量为29.75×1...     

基于正交实验的面粉爆炸特性研究

为探究面粉爆炸实验中粉尘质量浓度、点火能量、点火延迟时间对面粉爆炸的影响,采用正交实验法并利用20 L球形爆炸测试装置比较研究了粉尘质量浓度、点火延迟时间以及点火能对面粉爆炸的影响程度.结果表明:对最大爆炸压力影响最为显著的因素是点火延迟时间,对最大爆炸指数影响最为显著的因素是粉尘质量浓度;在实验浓度范围内,存在最佳实...     

区域水战略方案选优的动态组合评价模型研究

水安全危机是人类进入新世纪以来在生存及发展方面所面临的最严重挑战之一。研究科学合理的水安全战略成为区域可持续发展的重大课题。针对区域水战略问题涉及众多因素且各因素之间动态关联的特点,提出了基于水战略方案优选的兼容度极大化动态组合评价模型（CMM—DCEM）,并将其成功地应用于我国广东省北江下游及其三角洲地区水安全战略方案优选评价。评价结果及模型基于不确定性的敏感性分析结果证明：CMM—DCEM实现了主、客观赋权方法以及单一评价模型的融合,使用实码加速遗传算法求解目标函数,克服了传统的组合评价方法计算繁琐的不足,评价过程更加科学合理。     

Multivariate Analysis of Interactions Between Phytoplankton Biomass and Environmental Variables in Taihu Lake, China

Phytoplankton variation in large shallow eutrophic lakes is characterized by high spatial and temporal heterogenity. Understanding the pattern of phytoplankton variation and the relationships between it and environmental variables can contribute to eutrophic lakes management. In this study Taihu Lake, one of the largest eutrophic fresh water lake in China, was taken as study area. The water body of Taihu Lake was divided into five regions viz. Wuli bay (WB), Meilian Bay (MB), West Taihu Lake (WTL), Main Body of Taihu Lake (MBTL) and East Taihu Lake (ETL). Concentrations of chlorophyll-a and the related environmental variables were determined in each region in the period 2000–2003. Factor analysis and multivariate analysis were applied to evaluate the interactions between phytoplankton variation and environmental variables. Results showed that the highest average concentrations of TN, TP and Chl-a were observed in WB, followed in a descending order by MB and WTL, and the lowest concentrations of TN, TP and Chl-a were observed in MBTL and ETL. Chl-a and TP concentrations in most regions (except ETL) declined during the study period. It suggested that to some extent the lake was recovering from eutrophication. However, persistent ascending of TN and NH₄–N in all five regions indicated the deteriorating of water quality in the study period. Results of multivariate showed that the relationships between phytoplankton biomass and environmental variables varied among regions. TP illustrated itself a controlling role on phytoplankton in WB, MB, WTL and MBTL according to the significant positive relations to phytoplankton biomass in these regions. Nitrogen could be identified as a limiting factor to phytoplankton biomass in ETL in view of the positive correlations between TN and phytoplankton and between NH₄–N and phytoplankton. Spatial variation of interactions between phytoplankton and environmental parameters suggested proper eutrophication control measures were needed to restore ecological system in each region of Taihu Lake.     

Endpoint ‘floating leaves’ of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potamogeton natans</Emphasis>: A new method to evaluate the development of macrophytes in pond mesocosms

Goal, Scope and Background One of the advantages of long-term mesocosm experiments as compared to short-term standard toxicity tests in the laboratory is the potential for detecting secondary effects due to the interaction of species and recovery with biomass of macrophytes being an important endpoint. However, generating biomass data by harvesting is often laborious, time-consuming, costly and restricted to the end of the experiment. Moreover, valuable information may get lost, in particular in single application studies, since maximal primary effects and secondary effects or recovery occur per se at different times. Potamogeton natans was used as an example in order to test whether number and area of floating leaves can be reliably measured and be used as intermediate and final endpoints in mesocosm effect studies. Methods Digital photos, which were taken of the water surface in the course of an indoor pond mesocosm study on herbicide effects, were subjected to image analysis. The results were compared to wet weight and ash-free dry weight of Potamogeton at the end of the herbicide study. Results and Discussion Both number and area of floating leaves indicated the same herbicide effects as wet weight and ash-free dry weight of Potamogeton. Error introduced by the different work steps is small and can be further minimised by a number of method improvements. Recommendations and Perspectives In indoor mesocosm studies, errors due to the perspective adjustment may be circumvented by taking the photos perpendicular to the water surface. Correction for lens aberration, identical light conditions and the use of fluorescence images are considered promising. Field applications are proposed.     

影响土壤中微生物体氮的因子

综述了影响土壤微生物体氮的因子,以及微生物体氮与可矿化氮之间的关系。着重讨论了土壤有机质、有机物料、氮肥、作物根系、土壤温度和湿度对微生物体氮的影响及研究进展;评价了土壤微生物体氮与可矿化氮的关系的研究结果。