西辽河不同粒级沉积物的氨氮吸附-解吸特征

为估算辽河吸附态氨氮入海通量,采用平衡吸附-解吸法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征. 结果表明:不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征均符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附-解吸等温式;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮饱和吸附量较大,分别为3 643.82和2 693.71 mg/kg,相当于粗砂的8.04和5.94倍;西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒所携载的吸附态氨氮的入海通量分别为170.10和164.52 mg/kg. 占沉积物氨氮吸附总量的14.99%;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮解吸比例较小,分别为30.66%和42.04%,入海后可分别为上覆水提供氨氮52.15和69.16 mg/kg;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物所吸附的氨氮是氮素循环的重要组成部分;黏粒和粉粒级沉积物的腐殖质含量远远高于粗沙,在其所形成的团聚体结构中存在的孔隙填充方式——氨氮吸附是导致黏粒和粉粒级沉积物饱和吸附量较大、解吸比例较低的根本原因.      

2021年夏季新乡市城区臭氧超标日污染特征及敏感性

基于2021年6～8月新乡市市委党校站点观测的挥发性有机物(VOCs)、常规空气污染物和气象参数,采用基于观测的模型(OBM)对臭氧(O₃)超标日的O₃敏感性和前体物的管控策略进行了研究.结果发现,O₃超标日呈现高温、低湿和低压的气象特征.在臭氧超标日,O₃及其前体物的浓度均有上升.臭氧超标日的VOCs最高浓度组分为含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)和烷烃,臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和·OH反应性最大的VOCs组分为OVOCs.通过相对增量反应性(RIR)分析,新乡6月O₃超标日臭氧生成处于VOCs控制区,7月和8月处于VOCs和氮氧化物(NO_x)协同控制区,臭氧生成对烯烃和OVOCs最为敏感.6月各前体物的RIR值在一天中会发生变化,但始终保持为VOCs控制区;7月和8月在上午为VOCs控制区,中午为协同控制区,下午分别为协同控制区和NO_x控制区.通过模拟不同前体物削减情景,结果表明削减VOCs始终有利于管控臭氧,而削减NO_x     

成都市城区大气VOCs季节污染特征及来源解析

为研究成都市城区大气VOCs季节变化特征,本研究在2018年12月至2019年11月对VOCs组分进行监测,并对VOCs的浓度水平、各化学组成、化学反应活性和来源进行分析.结果表明,成都市城区春、夏、秋和冬季VOCs的平均体积分数分别为32.29×10^-9、 36.25×10^-9、 40.92×10^-9和49.48×10^-9,冬季的浓度明显高于其他季节,春季和夏季的浓度水平相差不大,各季节VOCs的组分浓度水平有所差异,冬季烷烃占总VOCs的比例最大,可能受机动车排放的影响较明显;夏季和秋季含氧(氮)挥发性有机物占比远高于春、冬季,一次源的挥发排放和二次转化的生成贡献较大;成都市城区不同季节大气中VOCs平均浓度排名靠前的关键组分基本无变化,主要是C₂～C₄的烷烃、乙烯、乙炔及二氯甲烷等,可能受机动车尾气、油气挥发、溶剂使用和LPG燃料等影响明显,夏季丙酮以及乙酸乙酯等含氧有机物浓度贡献突出;根据·OH消耗速率和OFP计算可知关键活性物种主要为间/对-二甲...     

STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE RANDOMNESS OF ANNUAL MAXIMUM DAILY RAINFALL1

ABSTRACT: Annual maximum daily rainfall data from nine stations throughout the southern slopes of the Eastern Italian Alps with record length of 67–68 years have been analyzed with the aim of verifying if their internal structure justifies the assumption of independence and identical distribution, or the “White noise hypothesis.” The approach is to consider the hypothesis H₀ of white noise as the intersection of several sub-hypotheses, each concerning one of the characteristics of a white noise process. To this end the nine series were subjected to various statistical tests regarding randomness, independence, change-points, and predictability. The results are examined first individually and then globally. They indicate that in eight of the nine considered time series the “white noise hypothesis” was rejected.     

Project appraisal and planning for overdeveloped countries: I. The costing of nonrenewable resources

In cost-benefit analysis, natural resources, like other factors of production, should be costed as a mixture of marginal social cost of exploiting additional resources and lost marginal social benefit of forgone alternative uses, according to the way in which extra resources are made available to a project. For a nonrenewable resource, changes in future marginal social cost and marginal social benefit are likely to add significantly to the immediate elements of cost, as successively less tractable resource stocks are exploited. Of the several reasons given for ignoring these future costs, the most plausible is that technological advance justifies a heavy discount on the future. However, neither historical nor logical arguments demonstrate the inevitability of efficacious technological advance.     

湖州市笋竹资源开发利用研究

简要论述了湖州市笋竹资源的特征和开发潜力，对笋竹资源开发现状予以评价，并对合理开发与保护，促进竹资源持续发展提出了对策。     

金属氧化物直接分解CO2成C的活性分析

复各种类型的简简单和复合金属氧化物在Ｈ２还原活性化前后分解ＣＯ２成Ｃ活的性试验的结果，决定金属氧化物分解ＣＯ２活性的因素是氧缺位程度石结构及其含铁相。     

溢油指示物(指标)的HPLC模糊最大矩阵元研究

为了探讨ＨＰＬＣ模糊最大矩阵元作溢油指示物的可行性，用ＨＰＬＣ－ＦＬＤ对１５种常见油品和２种油品的海上不同风化时间的油样以及７种室外风化油样进行了分析，选取油样色谱指纹作为数据处理信息点，计算出模糊最大矩阵元λｉ。     

A set of associated statistical tests for spatial clustering

The purpose of this paper is to develop a set of associated statistical tests for spatial clustering. In particular, a set of three associated tests will be developed; these will correspond to the three types of tests set out by Besag and Newell (general tests, focused tests, and tests for the detection of clustering). The associated tests draw primarily, though not exclusively, upon existing tests and results. The principal contributions are based upon the score statistic for focused tests, which has been an important approach to testing for clustering around environmental hazards. The first contribution consists of the formulation of a global statistic for general tests that corresponds to focused score statistics, along with an assessment of the distribution of the statistic under the null hypothesis of no raised incidence. The local score statistics used for focused tests will have the property of summing to the global statistic used for the corresponding general test. Attention is also given to the maximum local score statistic for the “test for the detection of clustering”. The critical values of this statistic which are required for testing the null hypothesis are described. Application of the methods is made to leukemia data for central New York State.     

不同阴极电子受体从生物燃料电池中发电的比较研究

以活性炭阳极双室生物燃料电池为基础,使用葡萄糖(COD为2000mg·L-1)作为底物,比较了铁氰化钾、过氧化氢、重铬酸钾和高锰酸钾分别作为生物燃料电池阴极电子受体时电池的开路电压和功率输出.结果表明,铁氰化钾、过氧化氢和重铬酸钾对应的开路电位分别为0.72V、0.33V和1.13V,均低于高锰酸钾的1.4lV.铁氰化钾和重铬酸钾对应的最大功率密度分别为4788mW·m-3和10951m W·m-3,相比之下高锰酸钾对应的最大功率达到了21912 mW·m-3.除过氧化氢外,3种氧化剂对应的电池内阻没有区别,均在2200Ω左右.当高锰酸钾浓度为200mg·L-1、pH为2.0时,开路电位高达1.44V,阴极电位达到1.38V,pH对电池电压输出的影响比高锰酸钾浓度更为显著.将高锰酸钾用于生物燃料电池从有机废水中发电不但可以极大提高系统的功率输出,还具有十分显著的经济和环境效益.