Social capital as a key determinant of perceived benefits of community‐based marine protected areas

Globally, marine protected areas (MPAs) have been relatively unsuccessful in meeting biodiversity objectives. To be effective, they require some alteration of people's use and access to marine resources, which they will resist if they do not perceive associated benefits. Stakeholders’ support is crucial to ecological success of MPAs, and their support is likely to depend on their capacity to adapt to and benefit from MPAs. We examined the influence of social adaptive capacity (SAC) on perceived benefits of MPAs in Siquijor, Philippines, in the Coral Triangle. This region has substantial biodiversity and a population of over 120 million people, many of them dependent on marine resources for food and income. The region has many MPAs, most of which are managed under decentralized governance systems. We collected survey data from 540 households in 19 villages with associated MPAs. We evaluated the influence of multiple SAC variables (e.g., occupational multiplicity and social capital) on perceived benefits with decision trees (CHAID) and qualitatively analyzed this relationship with respect to types and recipients of benefits. Our models revealed the key role of social capital, particularly trust in leadership, in influencing perceptions of benefits (χ² = 14.762, p = 0.000). A path analysis revealed that perceptions of distributional equity were a key mechanism through which social capital affected perceived MPA benefits (root mean‐square error of approximation = 0.050). Building social capital and equity within communities could lead to more effective management of MPAs and thus to expenditure of fewer resources relative to, for example, regulation enforcement.     

Thermal Physiology,Disease, and Amphibian Declines on the Eastern Slopes of the Andes

Rising temperatures, a widespread consequence of climate change, have been implicated in enigmatic amphibian declines from habitats with little apparent human impact. The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), now widespread in Neotropical mountains, may act in synergy with climate change causing collapse in thermally stressed hosts. We measured the thermal tolerance of frogs along a wide elevational gradient in the Tropical Andes, where frog populations have collapsed. We used the difference between critical thermal maximum and the temperature a frog experiences in nature as a measure of tolerance to high temperatures. Temperature tolerance increased as elevation increased, suggesting that frogs at higher elevations may be less sensitive to rising temperatures. We tested the alternative pathogen optimal growth hypothesis that prevalence of the pathogen should decrease as temperatures fall outside the optimal range of pathogen growth. Our infection‐prevalence data supported the pathogen optimal growth hypothesis because we found that prevalence of Bd increased when host temperatures matched its optimal growth range. These findings suggest that rising temperatures may not be the driver of amphibian declines in the eastern slopes of the Andes. Zoonotic outbreaks of Bd are the most parsimonious hypothesis to explain the collapse of montane amphibian faunas; but our results also reveal that lowland tropical amphibians, despite being shielded from Bd by higher temperatures, are vulnerable to climate‐warming stress. Fisiología Termal, Enfermedades y Disminuciones de Anfibios en las Laderas Orientales de los Andes     

区域生态环境预警的原理与方法

本文提出了以区域持续发展的能力作为区域生态环境预警的综合指标,进一步用承载力、稳定性、缓冲力、生产力和调控力作为衡量区域持续发展的能力。选取生态、环境和社会经济指标对区域生态环境质量进行评价,以及对经济发展的协调性和适应性进行分析,作出判断和预警,并讨论了区域生态环境预警的综合方法。     

CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF QUAL-II TO THE LOWER WINOOSKI RIVER1

ABSTRACT: A modified version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's QUAL-II water quality simulation model is calibrated and applied to the Lower Winooski River, Vermont. The river flows through the metropolitan Burlington area and is impacted by several industrial and municipal point sources and by operation of hydropower facilities. Several structural modifications are made in the model to improve water quality simulations in rivers impacted by algal growth; these include the addition of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus compartments and provision for algal uptake of ammonia and/or nitrate nitrogen. The model is interfaced with statistical programs which facilitate tabulation, display, and analysis of observed and predicted concentrations. The model is calibrated and tested against data from two intensive water quality surveys. Applications demonstrate the factors controlling water quality and sensitivities to point source waste management strategies and flow, as influenced by hydropower operations.     

生态哲学维度:人口生态生产与可持续发展

适度人口理论为可持续发展战略的实现提供了良好条件。如果进一步考察可持续发展概念的内涵，不难发现人口特质在可持续发展中居于核心地位，特别是其空间分布特征更具有现实意义。认定全方位适度人口的目标追求是人类社会可持续发展的一条基本实现途径。而全方位适度人口目标的实现则依赖于人口的合理生产，如何做到合理生产我们给出生态哲学维度，提出人口生态生产，即人口在生产与再生产过程中在生物学与社会学层面上始终贯彻人口数量、人口质量、人口结构、人口分布生态化的原则。     

可持续发展与我国环境资源法保护对象的变革

本文从分析我国环境资源法保护对象发展变化的过程入手，提出了今后环境资源法应紧紧围绕生态环境及其承载能力作为更加明确具体的规定，以利于全社会加强对生态环境的保护，实现我国社会的可持续发展。     

旅游环境承载力实证分析

旅游环境承载力是旅游业可持续发展中的一个十分重要的问题，旅游环境承载力的测度、分析、研究，不但是对一旅游地进行开发、规划的有效工具，也不仅是被动地控制游客流量，不使其超过承载力的某一阀值，更重要的是，通过它可以指导我们主动地对旅游地进行合理管理，更好地延长旅游产品的生命周期，这对实现旅游业的可持续发展具有重要的理论价值和应用的现实意义。基于此，本文运用模糊线性规划测度模型来分析云南丽江云杉坪景区的合理环境承载力及合理的资源配置，以期为旅游规划和景区开发提供一种新的思路和量化方法。     

环境影响评价中费用效益分析的方法

首先确定了环境影响评价中费用效益分析的理论基础 ,即寻求项目的污染物社会最优排放水平 ;在此基础上 ,论述了费用效益分析的基本概念与步骤 ,重点阐明了费用和效益的六种基本评价技术     

Study on urban water environmental support capacity

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太子河本溪市区段主要排污沟污染物总量控制研究

分析了太子河本溪市区段水污染现状，阐述应通过主要排污沟总量控制解决太子河本溪市区段水质污染问题。