南方草地资源开发利用对策研究

据中国科学院生物学部组织的“南方草地资源开发利用”考察资料，并参考有关考察地区提供的观测或调查资料，针对我国南方草山草坡的生态建设与环境保护和草山草坡资源开发利用的现状，提出建设我国“常绿草地带”高效畜牧业发展的战略，并就草山草坡的开发提出具体对策。     

高寒草甸藏嵩草种群繁殖对策的研究

对高寒草甸藏嵩草（Kobresia tibetica)种群的繁殖对策进行了初步研究。结果表明,藏嵩草属寒冷中生密丛短根茎地下芽植物,在高寒生境中采用了以营养繁殖为主,有性繁殖为辅的繁殖策略,具体体现在以几个方面：藏嵩草种子产量nA=200.1m^-2,但种子萌发率较低,室内和野外萌发率分别仅有4％和2％,经氢氧化钠溶液和赤霉素溶液处理后的种子萌发率分别为1％和6．7％,而剥去种皮后种子萌发率达47．3％,所以种皮坚硬是造成种子萌发率低的主要原因;进入种子库、保留至返青期且具有活性的种子仅占种子总数的31．49％,单位面积上理论实生苗数仅为1．26m^-2,与此相反,藏嵩草营养繁殖所形成的新个体数为101．32m^2,,远远多于种子萌发所形成的实生苗数,此外,藏嵩草营养繁殖效力也远高于有性繁殖效4力。营养繁殖效力占总数繁殖效力的83．46％（167）。表1参7     

基于遥感估产的2006—2015年青海果洛与玉树地区草畜平衡分析

三江源区草地资源丰富,开展草畜平衡研究,可为草原环境保护和区域经济可持续发展提供决策支持。论文以青海省果洛藏族自治州和玉树藏族自治州作为研究区,基于产草量反演和载畜量计算,结合草畜平衡指数和草地载畜压力指数两大指标开展草畜平衡分析。结果表明：2006—2013年两自治州的平均草畜平衡指数自47.1%变化至-13.8%,草畜平衡状况整体在不断改善,2014—2015年超载情况有所加重;相比于果洛藏族自治州的年均草畜平衡指数为38.15%,玉树藏族自治州的年均草畜平衡指数为33.51%,草畜平衡状况较好。建议两地区有关部门加强规划和政策调控,按照“以草定畜”的原则加强草畜平衡精细化管理,并以大数据驱动草畜平衡决策支持信息化建设。     

吉林省西部草原资源的开发与利用

草原是吉林省西部最重要的植被类型，是区域自然资源比较优势的集中体现。长期以来，由于对草原掠夺式开发利用，导致草原严重退化，环境恶化，成为本区可持续发展的制约因素。摆脱吉林省西部生态灾难，大兴草业是最佳的战略选择。应用草地农业生态学原理，实施草业工程，通过草地畜牧业，饲料业，草坪业，草原旅游业的系统开发，是实现吉林省西部可持续发展的必由之路。     

中国北方草原雪灾的致灾机制探讨

北方草原雪灾是天灾 ,更是一种人祸。受拉尼娜事件影响的异常气候固然是致灾的客观原因 ,但是不合理的人类经济活动 ,如超载放牧、耕地过垦、滥挖草药、滥用水资源等社会经济压力 ,超过了草原生态阈限 ,使脆弱的草原生态平衡遭到严重破坏 ;粗放经营 ,草原基础设施落后 ,也使草原生态系统抵御灾害的能力降低 ;草原公有、牲畜私有之间的所有制相位差是激发牧民掠夺式利用草原资源的最根本原因。为了追求私人经济利益的最大化 ,放牧者往往置公共草原的承载能力于不顾 ,严重恶化的草原生态环境也许正是“公共物品悲剧”的真实写照。     

西藏“一江两河”流域中部地区草地资源特点

（西藏“一江两河”流域中部地区是自治区工农业经济最集中发达的地区，畜牧业生产在本区农业经济中占有一定的比重。本文阐述了本区草地的资源状况，生产力特点及草地的分布规律。研究发现：本区草地面积５２５．４万ｈａ，草地类型较复杂，垂直分布明显，牧草组成较丰富，营养价值较高。但草地生产力水平较低，平均产草量为１２７５－１３５０ｋｇ／ｈａ。从草地资源的水平分布格局看，存在着明显的南北差异，雅鲁藏布江以北占６３％以上。从时间分布看，存在着明显的季节性差异，其冬季的草地现存量仅为秋季的１０－３０％，但本区饲草饲料构成、分布格局与畜牧业生产是相协调的，构成了一个相对匹配的草地畜牧业整体。     

Nitrous Oxide Concentrations in the Soil of a Mown Grassland: Comparison of Model Results with Soil Profile Measurements

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentrations in the soilprofile of a fertilized grassland on the Swiss plateauwere measured at irregular intervals during one year.Air samples were taken from air-permeable tubesinstalled at depths between 2 and 100 cm belowthe surface. Highest concentrations in thetopsoil were observed following precipitationafter fertilization. In the subsoil,concentrations were highest when the soil watercontent fell below about 92% after a wet periodand mineral nitrogen was available from priorfertilization. N₂O concentrations in thetopsoil were simulated with the process-basedgrassland ecosystem model PaSim 2.5 (PastureSimulation Model) and compared with measured soilN₂O concentrations. The model simulated wellthe concentration peaks after fertilizeradditions and the concentrations in winter. Butthe simulated baseline concentrations during thegrowing season were overestimated. Possiblecauses for this discrepancy are discussed andsuggestions are made to improve the model.     

Modelling above-ground herbage mass for a wide range of grassland community types

Whereas it is recognized that management of plant diversity can be the key to reconciling production and environmental aims, most grassland models are tailored for high-value grass species. We proposed to adapt a mono-specific grass model to take into account specific features of species-rich permanent grasslands, especially over the reproductive phase. To this end, we used the concept of plant functional type (PFT), i.e. the grouping of plant species according to plant traits determined by the response of plant species to different management practices (land use and fertilization) and characterizing of agronomic properties of the corresponding species. In the model, weather and nutrient availability act upon rates of biophysical processes (radiation capture and use, plant senescence). These rates are modified over times due to PFT-specific parameters determined experimentally which represent the different strategies of plant species regarding growth. The integration of these parameters into the model made it possible to predict herbage biomass accumulation rate under different management practices for a wide range of plant communities differing in their PFT composition. The model was evaluated in two steps, first by analyzing separately the effects of PFT and an indicator of nutrient availability on herbage accumulation and then by conducting a sensitivity analysis. It was validated using two independent datasets; a cutting experiment running over the whole growing season to examine the consistency of the model outputs under different cutting regimes, and a monitoring of meadows and pastures in spring over a whole growth cycle to assess the model’s ability to reproduce growth curves. Although a good fit was observed between the simulated and observed data, the few discrepancies noticed between field data and predicted values were attributed mainly to the potential presence of non-grass species. More specifically, we noticed that nutrient (mainly nitrogen) availability is the main driver of plant growth rate, and that PFT determines the times at which this rate changes in relation to the phenological characteristics of species present. We concluded that integration of the PFT concept into the initial mono-specific growth model is especially suited to evaluating the consequences of management practices on species-rich permanent grasslands to meet feed production targets.     

火烧对拉萨地区湿草甸湿地土壤养分特征的影响

基于对拉萨地区典型湿草甸火烧样地与对照样地内表层土壤pH、有机质、全量及速效养分含量特征的对比分析,初步探讨了火烧干扰对高原湿草甸表层土壤特征的影响. 结果表明:土壤pH在6.06~6.85之间,火烧干扰导致土壤pH升高;土壤中w(全氮)、w(全钾)分别为2.35~5.34、23.33~28.72g/kg,火烧干扰使其值下降;火烧对土壤中w(全磷)无明显响应;火烧后土壤中w(有机质)(53.97~144.57g/kg)下降,并且与土壤中w(全氮)的变化趋势一致. 土壤中w(速效氮)的季节性差异较大,火烧干扰使生长季初期表层土壤中的w(速效氮)减少,而在生长季旺盛期则增加,w(速效氮)占w(全氮)的比例变化一致;w(速效磷)在2个生长阶段总体增加,占w(全磷)的比例升高,以平地中变化最为明显;w(速效钾)及其占w(全钾)的比例在生长季初期显著增加,后期则下降明显.      

不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植被-土壤系统耦合关系评价

植被和土壤的耦合协调关系是沟谷地植被恢复进入良性演替发展阶段的重要标志。研究通过建立9个植被因子和11个土壤因子的2级层次指标体系,采用层次分析法确定各因子的权重,构建沟谷地植被-土壤系统耦合协调模型。结果表明：沟谷地经过20多年的植被恢复,不同植被恢复模式沟谷地的植被-土壤系统发展趋势均处于中级协调发展水平上;其中,刺槐林沟处于中级发展模式水平植被土壤同步型,柠条灌丛沟和天然草地沟为中级发展模式水平土壤滞后型;逐步回归线性分析表明,不同植被属性或土壤属性对其产生重要影响的环境因子（植被群落或土壤条件）存在差异。黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植被-土壤系统耦合协调关系存在一定差异,这可能与植物群落优势种的生物学特性密切相关。