锑矿周边稻田土壤垂直剖面锑砷形态与细菌群落结构分布及相互关系

为了解稻田土壤微生物对锑(Sb)和砷(As)污染的长期适应机制,本文以贵州省独山半坡锑矿和某锑矿冶炼厂周边稻田土壤为研究对象.采用野外布点和室内分析的方法,利用Illumina高通量测序技术对稻田垂直剖面土壤细菌16S rRNA V3～V4可变区进行测序,分析了土壤微生物的α多样性、物种丰度差异和组成情况,探讨了不同形态Sb和As在tc1(水耕熟化层)、tc2(渗育层)、tc3(犁底层)和tc4(水耕淀积层)的地球化学行为及其对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,研究区Sb和As的来源不同,Sb主要来源于大气沉降和人工投放,As则来源于成土母岩.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)为各土层的主要优势菌门,具体表现为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是tc1和tc2的优势菌门,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)是tc3和tc4的优势菌门.土壤剖面各土层多样性指数均在tc1达到最大值,在tc3达到最小值且差异不显著.相对重要性分析表明,总As、As(V)、TS和Fe(II)为影响多样性指数的主要因子.LEfSe分析表明,各土层差异指示种在不同分类水平上各不相同且tc1的数量高于tc2、tc3和tc4.如在门水平,tc1的差异指示种为疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia),tc3为热袍菌门(Thermotogae),tc4为硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae);在纲水平,tc1为α-变形菌纲(α-proteobacteria),tc2为β-变形菌纲(β-proteobacteria),tc3为热袍菌纲(Thermotogae),tc4为硝化螺旋菌纲(Nitrospirae).RDA分析和相对重要性分析表明,总As、As(III)、Sb(V)、总Sb和pH等对细菌门分类水平具有重要影响.共生网络分析进一步表明,Sb(III)和As(V)虽然对群落结构影响相对较小,但与特征性微生物却存在显著相关性,如Sb(III)与Defluviicoccus属显著相关,而As(V)对β-变形菌纲影响较为显著.     

基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价和分区——以北京怀柔区北宅小流域为例

非点源污染控制难度大、成本高,因此有必要对污染源划分等级,从而分别进行管理与规划.本研究提出了“风险评价-规划分区-分别管理”的非点源污染规划思路.“风险评价”在借鉴已有的非点源风险评价模型基础上,提出了基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价方法.该评价方法以土地利用因子、径流因子和距离因子为参评指标,采用改进的理想解法(Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)确定因子权重,减少了人为主观性;“规划分区”依据“适度保护、优先规划、重点管理”的原则,结合风险评价结果,可将流域划分为5类管理分区;“分别管理”是对各类管理区分别配以针对性的BMPs和生态工程措施.“风险评价-规划分区-分别管理”这套方法层层递进不仅能评价流域非点源污染,也能定量为流域内非点源污染源的管理提供科学方案.最后将该方法在北宅小流域进行了应用,结果表明,该方法克服了传统方法的过于主观、局限性大的缺陷,可为类似流域非点源污染评价和管理提供参考.     

云南中小型水电工程的环境保护

西部大开发为云南省中小型水电工程建设创造了条件,但目前中小型水电工程环境保护工作与国家对建设项目环境保护工作的要求存在一定的差距,必须严抓重管,切实保护西部地区的生态环境.     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

Adsorption of Pb, Cd to Fe, Mn oxides in natural freshwater surface coatings developed in different seasons

Metal oxides( Fe, Mn oxides) in natural surface coatings(biofilms and associated minerals) are believed to play a significant role n the fate and transport of trace metal in aquatic environments. Seasonal variation of Fe, Mn oxides and organic materials in surface oatings, which were developed periodically on glass slides in Nanhu Lake, Jilin Province, China over the time frame of three seasons,was investigated in order to understand the influence of metal oxides on Pb and Cd adsorption to heterogeneous surface coating materials(biofilm). Pb and Cd adsorption was measured under controlled laboratory conditions( mineral salts solution with defined speciation, ionic trength 0.05 mol/L, 25~C and pH 6.0). The classical Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb nd Cd adsorption to the surface coatings. In general, components in the surface coatings varied greatly with seasons altering and btained higher concentrations in summer while the content of iron oxides always exceeded that of manganese oxides. Correlation nalyses between the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd and components in the surface coatings developed periodically indicated that Pb hase association with Mn oxides and Cd phase association with Fe oxides as well as Mn oxides were statistically significant. Effect of Mn xides on Cd adsorption was confirmed in view of its higher content in the surface coatings. The importance of ferromanganese oxides for b and Cd adsorption to the natural surface coatings developed in different seasons was evidenced.     

矿化垃圾生物反应床处理渗滤液技术

针对矿化垃圾筛分后<15mm组分性质进行研究,并以该组分为填料设计制造矿化垃圾生物反应床处理渗滤液,研究表明,矿化垃圾具有较大的吸附比表面积,较强的离子交换容量,较高的有机质含量,含有种类和数量可观的微生物种群可供生物降解作用,是很好的污水处理生物介质。工程应用表明:渗滤液经过三级矿化垃圾生物反应床串联处理后,CODCr和NH4+-N的总去除率达到90%和95%以上,可稳定达到国家二、三级渗滤液排放标准。     

有色金属矿山恢复开采项目环评应关注的几个问题

根据有色金属矿山恢复开采项目环境影响评价工作中的不足,提出应关注的几个重要问题,主要涉及产业政策及规划相符性、矿山历史遗留问题、公众参与等。     

环保科技成果转化项目评价指标体系及评价方法

为贯彻《中华人民共和国促进科技成果转化法》,促进环境保护科技成果的转化,提出环保科技成果转化项目评价指标体系．经过对比,确立了计算权重的方法和权重．采用专家分析与层次分析法,进行了环境保护科技成果转化项目评价分值计算与转化项目的评价．     

萘降解菌N19-3的分离、鉴定和萘双加氧酶基因的检测

从石油污染土壤中分离到一株高效降解萘的N19-3菌株. 经形态观察、生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列分析等鉴定其为丛毛单胞菌属（Comamonas sp.）. 该菌株能在30 ℃,30h内将1 000mg/L的萘完全降解. 降解萘的适宜温度为20～30 ℃, 适宜pH为7.0～9.0. 0.1mmol/L的Ca2+和Fe3+对N19-3菌株降解萘有较强的促进作用, 0.1 mmol/L的Mn2+和Zn2+对N19-3菌株的生长和萘的降解也有一定的促进作用, 而0.1 mmol/L的 Cu2+则完全抑制了N19-3菌株的生长和萘的降解. 通过PCR方法在N19-3菌株中扩增出分别与C. testosteroni H菌株的萘双加氧酶铁硫蛋白大亚基基因（pahAc）与双加氧酶铁硫蛋白小亚基基因（pahAd）高度同源的核苷酸片断.      

黄土丘陵沟壑区狼牙刺灌木林地的土壤水分动态

在陕北黄土区安塞县纸坊沟小流域,选择不同林龄的狼牙刺地块,对其土壤水分作了动态观测,并以柠条地和撂荒地为对照。分析研究得出如下结论:①在土层足够深的地块上,天然灌木狼牙刺年蒸散量约为590mm,单株平均耗水量约85mm。强烈耗水期是5月中旬至7月底,8月底土壤水分达到最低值,9月份以后开始恢复;②狼牙刺地土壤水分活跃层在0-2.5m之间,土壤水分的消耗强度随深度的增加而下降;③狼牙刺地干层超过10m,比同龄的柠条土壤干层(8m)深,在两个生长季中,干层没有进一步发展。