中国生态环境的新特点及其对策

在分析我国生态环境现状的基础上 ,提出了生态环境发展的 3个新特点 :①由单纯的工业污染过渡到工业和大众消费形成的污染并存阶段 ,而且乡镇企业污染问题越来越突出 ;②水体污染由工业污染发展到工业污染加农业污染的复合污染 ;③生态恶化问题正在由局部扩展到更大范围 ,从流域的一部分扩到全流域 .针对目前生态环境目前出现的新特点 ,在对策上提出了应实现 3个方面的转变 :①在环境污染控制上 ,应从末端治理发展到清洁生产 ;②在生态保护上 ,应从生态赤字到生态建设 ;③在污染治理上 ,从“谁污染、谁治理”转变到“谁污染、谁付费”、“谁治理、谁收益”.     

Nature of Atmospheric Aerosols over the Desert Areas in the Asian Continent: Chemical State and Number Concentration of Particles Measured at Dunhuang,China

Measurements of aerosol were made in August and October 2001, and January 2002, at Dunhuang, China (40°00N, 94°30E), to understand the nature of atmosphericparticles over the desert areas in the Asian continent. Balloon-borne measurements with an optical particle counter suggested that particle size and concentration had a noticeable peak in size range of super micron in not only the boundary mixing layer but also the free troposphere. Thickness of the boundary mixing layer, from distributions of particle concentration, was about 4 km in summer (17 August 2001), about2.5 km in fall (17 October 2001), and about 3 km in winter (11 January 2002), which suggest active mixing of particles near the boundary in summer. Number-size distribution of particleshowed a noticeable peak in the super micron particles size range inthe mixing boundary layer: 0.4–2 particles cm^-3 at diameter>1.2 m in summer, 0.05–4 particles cm^-3 at diameter >1.2 m in fall, and 0.1–5 particles cm^-3 at diameter>1.2 m in winter. In winter strong inversion of atmospherictemperature was found in the height range from the boundary to about 3 km and vertical distribution of particle concentration well corresponded with the temperature distribution. Chemical elements of individual aerosols, which were collectedin the boundary layer atmosphere at Dunhuang (18 October 2001) were analyzed with an electron microscope equipped with EDX. Thosesingle particle analysis suggested that most of the particles with supermicron size were soil particles, and those particles had littlesulfate on its surface. This is a very important different point,comparing with the chemical state of soil particles, which weretransported from the desert area of China to Japan, and showed frequentlythe existence of sulfate on the particle surface. Therefore, it isstrongly suggested that dust particles can be chemically modifiedduring their long-range transport from desert areas to Japan.     

AN AUTOMATED RECORDING SYSTEM FOR EVAPORATION PANS1

ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: An automated recording system for evaporation pans was developed to allow continuous analog type recording of pan evaporation. The system incorporates a water reservoir to supply water to the pan and can be left unattended for long periods of time. The system performed well, with very little maintenance, in a field test in northern Utah.     

移动监测法测量厦门春秋季近地面CO2的时空分布

移动监测对研究城市近地面空气污染物时空分布特征具有重要意义.本研究采用野外移动监测车,利用二氧化碳测量仪、粉尘仪及小型气象站,在春秋季共选取14 d,沿厦门不同功能区,在每天不同时间段(09:00~12:00、13:00~16:00、22:00~01:00)进行了CO2与颗粒物(PM)浓度及气象参数的监测,并分析了春秋季不同时段下各功能区近地面CO2空间分布特征以及CO2与颗粒物的相互关系.结果表明:①监测期间,路线从北部的坂头水库背景区经郊区进入市中心最终在城市南部边缘沿海干道结束,CO2浓度的空间分布呈现中间市中心高沿市中心向两边边缘处降低的结构,不同功能区CO2空间分布存在差异,受城市交通,工业,人类活动等排放,地面植物/作物以及气象条件的影响.主要表现为交通繁忙区(仙岳路/厦禾路/嘉禾路,477.33μmol·mol-1±6.11μmol·mol-1)高于商业居民区(杏林/思北,454.95μmol·mol-1±5.45μmol·mol-1)高于自然风景区(文屏/环岛路/演武路,441.01μmol·mol-1±6.24μmol·mol-1)高于耕地(农田,436.79μmol·mol-1±1.87μmol·mol-1)高于山体林地(坂头水库,434.06μmol·mol-1±0.31μmol·mol-1);②监测期间春季平均CO2浓度为452.04μmol·mol-1±20.24μmol·mol-1,最大值出现在2013年4月12日的嘉禾路路段(市内交通繁忙区)为533.10μmol·mol-1,最小值出现在2013年4月10日的坂头水库路段(远离市区,受人为活动影响较小,水库周围有大量植被,可认为监测过程中的背景区域)为413.25μmol·mol-1.秋季平均CO2浓度为451.80μmol·mol-1±21.56μmol·mol-1,其中最大值出现在2012年11月19日的厦禾路路段(市内交通繁忙区)为526.45μmol·mol-1,最小值出现在2012年11月20日的坂头水库路段为415.01μmol·mol-1.这符合Idso等在1998年提出"城市CO2岛"的现象;③不同时间段CO2浓度表现出夜晚时段(22:00~01:00)高于上午时段(09:00~12:00)高于下午时段(13:00~16:00),阴天普遍高于晴天,且不同功能区CO2浓度在夜晚时段(22:00~01:00)和白天时段(09:00~12:00和13:00~16:00)的差异不同,春季的差异范围为-0.66~29.48μmol·mol-1,秋季的差异范围为-4.01~33.69μmol·mol-1;④市区CO2浓度与周围郊区存在差异,市区CO2浓度均高于郊区;⑤移动监测主要受道路车辆排放的影响,CO2浓度与PM2.5呈显著正相关关系(R=0.73,P<0.01).     

资源环境领域脱钩分析研究进展

为掌握资源环境领域脱钩分析的研究进展,论文采用概括和比较分析的手段,从脱钩概念界定、脱钩分析的主要关注领域、脱钩分析的测度方法以及脱钩指标4个方面对资源环境领域的脱钩分析进行了梳理和概括。归纳出已有研究的几个特点:①不同研究对于脱钩的定义和类型划分不同,就脱钩而言,主要区别在于所包含绝对脱钩、相对脱钩和衰退性脱钩中的类型不同;②目前脱钩分析的研究领域主要集中在宏观层面以及部分行业(产业)层面的环境(资源)压力与其驱动因素之间的脱钩分析;③不同研究所采用的脱钩测度方法有很大差别,目前大致有8类不同的脱钩测度方法;④脱钩指标也是脱钩分析中的一项重要研究内容,目前还没有一个统一的指标体系,越来越多的研究将各类有关环境压力和资源消耗的指标应用到脱钩分析作为脱钩指标。最后探讨了还需要进一步深入研究的内容。     

Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission （IVE） model with on-road remote sensing measurements

Intemational Vehicle Emissions （IVE） model funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） is designed to estimate emissions from motor vehicles in developing countries. In this study, the IVE model was evaluated by utilizing a dataset available from the remote sensing measurements on a large number of vehicles at five different sites in Hangzhou, China, in 2004 and 2005. Average fuel-based emission factors derived from the remote sensing measurements were compared with corresponding emission factors derived from IVE calculations for urban, hot stabilized condition. The results show a good agreement between the two methods for gasoline passenger cars＇ HC emission for all 1VE subsectors and technology classes. In the case of CO emissions, the modeled results were reasonably good, although systematically underestimate the emissions by almost 12%-50% for different technology classes. However, the model totally overestimated NOx emissions. The IVE NOx emission factors were 1.5-3.5 times of the remote sensing measured ones. The IVE model was also evaluated for light duty gasoline truck, heavy duty gasoline vehicles and motor cycles. A notable result was observed that the decrease in emissions from technology class State II to State I were overestimated by the IVE model compared to remote sensing measurements for all the three pollutants. Finally, in order to improve emission estimation, the adjusted base emission factors from local studies are strongly recommended to be used in the IVE model.     

农业面源污染防治研究现状与展望

农业面源污染是影响水环境质量的重要污染源,对水环境的污染贡献率逐年提高,逐渐成为制约农业可持续发展和实现农村现代化的环境瓶颈。文章在广泛调研国内外相关领域研究成果的基础上,综述了农业面源污染防治相关领域的研究进展,主要包括:农业面源污染物流失特性研究、土地利用方式影响研究、农业面源污染控制和治理技术研究、面源污染模型研究、现代电子信息技术的应用以及最佳管理措施(BMPs)的研究与实践等。最后,对农业面源污染控制领域未来重点研究方向进行了展望,并提出了相关建议。     

Distribution of volatile organic compounds in Madrid (Spain)

From November 1995 to October 1996, airborne concentrations of VOCs were measured in the Madrid area to study the organic pollution in general, and the correlation between different pollutants in relation to such parameters as location and season. Mean concentrations for up to 90 compounds were measured at four test sites, including both urban and suburban areas. At the urban sites, maximum concentrations occurred in the autumn and winter, whereas minimum concentrations were reached in summer and spring. Similar changes were obtained for the lesscontaminated site located in the SE of the city, whereas a different pattern was found at the site in the NW of the city due to meteorological aspects. Mean levels of hydrocarbons in Madrid were quite similar to those found in other European cities. Chemometrical techniques were applied to the set of data in order to assess the influence of such factors as traffic, temperature and seasonal variations on the VOC levels.     

典型喀斯特区侵蚀性降雨特征及坡面生物措施水土流失防控效应

降雨类型和生物措施是坡面水土流失的重要影响因素.为研究喀斯特区降雨类型和不同坡面生物措施共同作用下的水土保持效益,以贵州蚂蟥田小流域水土保持监测站2014—2018年5年的径流小区实测数据为基础,分析了112场次的侵蚀性降雨特征,并以降雨量、降雨历时、平均降雨强度为指标对其进行分类.同时,分析了不同侵蚀性降雨类型下6个...     

Integrating Large Wood Jams into Hydraulic Models: Evaluating a Porous Plate Modeling Method

Large wood (LW) jams are key riverine habitat features that affect hydraulic processes and aquatic habitat. The hydraulic influence of LW jams is poorly understood due to the complexity of fluid dynamics around irregular, porous structures. Here we validated a method for two‐dimensional hydraulic modeling of porous LW jams using the open‐source modeling software Delft3D‐FLOW. We sampled 19 LW jams at three reaches across the Columbia River Basin in the United States. We used computer‐generated porous plates to represent LW jams in the modeling software and calibrated our modeling method by comparing model outputs to measured depths and velocities at validation points. We found that modeling outputs are error‐prone when LW jams are not represented. By representing LW jams as porous plates we reduced average velocity root mean square error (RMSE) values (i.e., improved model accuracy) by 42.8% and reduced average depth RMSE values by 5.2%. These differences impacted habitat suitability index modeling. We found a 15.1% increase in weighted useable area for juvenile steelhead at one test site when LW jams were simulated vs. when they were ignored. We investigated patterns in average RMSE improvements with varying jam size, bankfull obstruction, porosity, and structure type, and river complexity. We also identified research gaps related to field estimation of LW jam porosity and porous structure modeling methods.