地铁十字换乘车站全尺寸实验研究:Ⅱ.站台火灾

为了解在不同通风模式下地铁十字换乘车站站台火灾发展规律,通过在地铁十字换乘车站站台开展全尺寸火灾实验,分析了不同通风模式下站台层火灾的烟气扩散速率、沉降高度和扩散范围。研究结果表明:该类型车站站台火灾烟气扩散受到建筑结构和通风条件等因素的影响;在A线路站台层发生火灾时,站台断面面积沿烟气扩散方向的缩小有效抑制了烟气向远端扩散;站台机械通风能够有效降低烟气扩散速率,控制烟气扩散区域和沉降高度;在0.5 MW火灾规模下,A线路站台火灾对B线路影响不明显。     

An approach to the subslab depressurization remedial action in a high Rn concentration dwelling

Galicia (NW Spain) is a radon-prone area in the Iberian Peninsula. Measurements were carried out at a rural dwelling, with an annual average of radon concentration over 4000 Bq m⁻³ and a maximum of 9000 Bq m⁻³, found during a radon screening campaign held in the Autonomous Community of Galicia. We performed a detailed study to identify the main contamination source and the behaviour of the radon concentration, in which a linear dependence with temperature was verified, once corrected for relative humidity. We used different passive methods (charcoal canisters and two types of etched track detectors) as well as a radon concentration monitor that provided continuous measurement. Subsequent to this characterization, and in order to reduce the high radon concentration, a remedial action was developed using different passive and forced ventilation methods. A modified subslab depressurization technique was found to be the most effective remedy, providing a radon concentration reduction of around 96%. This method also has the advantages of being inexpensive and reliable over time.     

爆炸冲击环境下内凹蜂窝型梯度结构响应特性研究*

为提升应急救援人员防护服抗爆能力,减少爆炸事故中人员伤亡数量,以内凹蜂窝型梯度结构为研究对象,采用爆炸冲击实验与数值有限元法相结合的研究手段,通过改变胞元尺寸与胞元凹角对梯度蜂窝结构进行优化,分析梯度结构在爆炸冲击环境下冲击波衰减效率和力学响应规律。结果表明:同等质量条件下,内凹蜂窝结构尺寸梯度为2.58 mm-3.40 mm-2.58 mm、角度梯度30°-22.5°-30°时对冲击波的衰减效应最佳,衰减效率分别为85.44%,82.29%。研究结果可为同时满足轻质、高强抗爆要求的防护服结构设计提供技术支撑。     

深水隔水管系统安全作业窗口分析

为分析深水隔水管系统在不同环境载荷下钻井平台允许的最大偏移量,确保整个钻井作业顺利完成并提高生产效率,建立隔水管-井口与土壤整体力学分析模型,提出1种以钻井平台向不同方向许可偏移距离确定安全作业窗口的分析方法,并结合实例分析表层海流速度及隔水管系统顶张力对隔水管系统安全作业窗口的影响.结果表明:当表层海流速度增大时,深...     

清洁空气行动计划实施对长三角地区PM_(2.5)污染改善效果模拟评估

为了解长三角地区清洁空气行动计划实施后区域PM2.5的改善效果,在建立2012年长三角地区大气污染物排放清单的基础上,依据上海、江苏、浙江和安徽三省一市行动计划细则,对2013—2017年各省、直辖市主要大气污染物减排量进行测算.利用WRF(天气研究和预报模式)-CMAQ(通用多尺度空气质量模型)系统,模拟研究了清洁空气行动计划实施后可能带来的区域PM2.5改善效果.结果表明:清洁空气行动计划涉及到的能源、工业、交通等六大领域减排任务,按照减排力度强、中、弱3种方案测算,预计长三角地区SO2减排总量分别为74.5×104、53.8×104和34.4×104t;NOx减排总量分别为108.7×104、83.9×104和61.1×104t;一次PM2.5减排总量分别为40.3×104、26.1×104和14.6×104t;挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)的减排总量分别为98.2×104、57.0×104和23.5×104t.模拟评估结果表明,在弱、中、强3种减排方案下,长三角地区国控点ρ(PM2.5)年均值预计比基准年(2013年)分别降低(4.4±1.1)、(8.1±2.4)和(12.5±3.9)μg/m3,降幅分别达到8.7%±2.2%、15.9%±4.7%和24.3%±7.7%.长三角地区须在清洁空气行动计划实施细则指导下,控制新增量,并稳步严格推进前体物强力减排,才能实现2017年预期空气质量改善目标.     

A methodological note on ethics,economics, and the justification of action

Two disciplines claim to provide justification of action. Ethics gives you moral reasons to act upon, whereas economics exploits the concept of rationality. The paper discusses two theories of interdisciplinarity of ethics and economics in order to clarify the relationship. The traditional view of a hierarchical ordering of ethics and economics is rejected, and it is claimed that there are substantial economic contributions to ethical justification.     

Lignin-based Carbon Fibers: Effect of Synthetic Polymer Blending on Fiber Properties

Carbon fibers have been produced from hardwood lignin/synthetic polymer blend fibers. Hardwood kraft lignin was thermally blended with two recyclable polymers, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polypropylene (PP). Both systems were easily spun into fibers. A thermostabilization step was utilized prior to carbonization to prevent fusion of individual fibers. For the lignin-based carbon fibers, careful control of heating rate was required. However, PET–lignin blend fibers can be thermostabilized under higher heating rates than the corresponding homofibers. Carbon fiber yield decreased with increasing incorporation of synthetic plastic. However, carbon fiber yield obtained for a 25% plastic blend fiber was still higher than that generally reported for petroleum pitch. Blend composition also affected surface morphology of the carbon fibers. Immiscible lignin–PP fibers resulted in a hollow and/or porous carbon fiber; whereas carbon fiber produced from miscible lignin–PET fibers have a smooth surface. Synthetic polymer blending also affected the mechanical properties of the fibers, especially MOE; lignin-based carbon fiber properties improved upon blending with PET.     

Biobased Epoxy/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites: Thermophysical Properties and Fracture Behavior Evaluation

The biobased epoxy containing epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and its clay nanocomposites were processed with an anhydride curing agent. The certain amount of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) was replaced by ELO. The selection of the DGEBF, ELO, an anhydride curing agent, and organo-montmorillonite clay resulted in an excellent combination, to provide new biobased epoxy/clay nanocomposites showing high elastic modulus, high glass transition temperature, and high fracture toughness with larger amount of ELO. Izod impact strength was almost constant while changing the amount of ELO. This is a promising result for future applications in different engineering industries.     

季节冻土区冻融期黄土滑坡基本特征与机理

在我国北方大部分地区滑坡灾害的发生有两个高峰期,即雨季和冻融期,而目前对冻融期滑坡的研究尚处在起步阶段,导致对冻融期滑坡的防治效果远不及雨季滑坡。本文以甘肃黄土滑坡为研究对象,探索季节冻土区冻融期黄土滑坡的基本特征和形成机制。结果表明,季节性冻融作用是季节冻融期黄土滑坡滑坡发生的主要因素,其不但在斜坡表层产生强烈作用,而且可引起斜坡深处地下水富集、土体软化范围扩大和静、动水压力增大等冻结滞水效应,促使斜坡整体性大规模变形破坏,导致滑坡发生。     

Adapting participatory processes to fine-tune conservation approaches in multiactor decision settings

Conservation decisions are typically made in complex, dynamic, and uncertain settings, where multiple actors raise diverse and potentially conflicting claims, champion different and sometimes contradictory values, and enjoy varying degrees of freedom and power to act and influence collective decisions. Therefore, effective conservation actions require conservation scientists and practitioners to take into account the complexity of multiactor settings. We devised a framework to help conservation biologists and practitioners in this task. Institutional economic theories, which are insufficiently cited in the conservation literature, contain useful insights for conservation. Among these theories, the economies of worth can significantly contribute to conservation because it can be used to classify the types of values peoples or groups refer to when they interact during the elaboration and implementation of conservation projects. Refining this approach, we designed a framework to help conservation professionals grasp the relevant differences among settings in which decisions related to conservation actions are to be made, so that they can adapt their approaches to the features of the settings they encounter. This framework distinguishes 6 types of agreements and disagreements that can occur between actors involved in a conservation project (harmony, stricto sensu arrangement, deliberated arrangement, unilateral and reciprocal compromise, and locked-in), depending on whether they disagree on values or on their applications and on whether they can converge toward common values by working together. We identified key questions that conservationists should answer to adapt their strategy to the disagreements they encounter and identified relevant participatory processes to complete the adaptation.