EFFICACY AND COST OF AQUATIC WEED CONTROL IN SMALL PONDS'

ABSTRACT: Twenty, 0.2 hectare ponds were utilized for a four-year evaluation of three aquatic vegetation control techniques: a combination of inorganic fertilization and mechanical harvesting, aquatic herbicides, and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Ponds used for herbicide and grass carp treatments were managed at three levels of aquatic vegetation (none, 40 and 70 percent plant occupation). Submersed vegetation was not controlled with inorganic fertilization. Vegetation levels were maintained for less than 30 days after mechanicai harvesting. Submersed macrophytes were not completely eliminated with herbicides, but the herbicide treatments utilized were effective at maintaining aquatic vegetation above 30 percent pond volume occupation. Grass carp consumed all species of submersed vegetation at the stocking densities used in this study; therefore, planned levels of submersed macrophytes were not maintained. Grass carp did not consume all floating leaf vegetation, but after four years some grass carp ponds did have lower densities of floating leaf plants. Fertilization costs were $608/hectare/year, and mechanical harvesting costs were $1979/hectare/year, resulting in a total aquatic vegetation treatment cost of $2587/hectare/ year. Herbicide costs for the different treatment levels ranged from $417/hectare/year to $1339/hectare/year over the four-year period. Grass carp were the most economical vegetation control measure tested, with costs ranging from $159/hectare/year to $248/hectare/year for the four-year study.     

独立分格推流式活性污泥法的动力学分析

在严格控制试验条件的基础上,对独立分格式活性污泥法进行了定量的试验研究与动力学分析.结果表明,底物比降解速率常数K值并不是常数,而是随着易降解底物的降解去除逐渐变小;据此修正了该系统的传统动力学公式及相应的设计计算方法;给出了工艺设计时曝气池分格数的划分及其容积确定的基本原则.     

间歇式活性污泥法处理啤酒废水

在实验研究基础上，成功地应用间歇式活性污泥法（以下简称ＳＢＲ法）处理啤酒生产废水。实践证明该工艺具有总投资省、处理效果好，对废水水质适应性强、工艺稳定、能耗低等优点。     

Processing and Physical Properties of Plastics Made from Soy Protein Polyester Blends

Blending soy protein with polyesters using a polyvinyllactam as a compatibilizer successfully made soy protein-based plastics. The polyesters used to produce blends included polycaprolactone (PCL) and Biomax (a commercial biodegradable polyester). The blends were processed by compounding extrusion and injection molding. Blends containing soy protein/Biomax-poly(vinyl alcohol) had tensile strengths ranging from 16–22 MPa, with samples containing larger percentages of the synthetic polymer exhibiting greater strengths. Blends made from soy protein, Biomax, and PCL had tensile strengths ranging from 27–33 MPa. All the blends had high Young's moduli but demonstrated brittle characteristics as evident from their low elongations at break, ranging from 1.8–3.1%. Plastics made from soy protein/polyester blends exhibited low water absorption and had good stability under ambient conditions relative to the plastics made from soy protein alone. Blends made from soy protein flour produced plastics with the lowest water absorption.     

循环活性污泥法处理生活污水的脱氮性能实验研究

本以城市生活污水为处理对象，通过在主反应器前设置缺氧选择器，同时改变运行周期和进水-曝气方式，研究CAST工艺的生物降解过程及脱氮机理，并考察该工艺去除有机碳和脱氮的性能。结果表明，CAST生物脱氮工艺中最佳周期为4h。其出水CODCr质量浓度为61.80mg／L，去除率为84．52％；出水TN质量浓度平均为25．17mg／L，去除率为54．56％。非限制性曝气没有太大优势。建议采用限制性曝气与非连续性进水方式，以节约能耗和提高脱氮效果。     

Effects of Storage Time on Properties of Soybean Protein-Based Plastics

Soybean protein has been considered as a potential biodegradable polymer in the manufacture of plastics. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the effect of storage time on thermal and mechanical properties of soybean protein isolate (SPI) plastics. SPI was separated from defatted soy flour, modified with 1M or 2M urea, or plasticized with glycerol, and compression molded into plastics. Plastic made from SPI alone was used as a control. For all SPI plastics, glass transition temperatures and dynamic storage modulus increased and loss tangent decreased during storage. Excess enthalpy of relaxation of all SPI plastics had an exponential relationship with storage time, indicating a fast aging rate at the beginning of storage. All SPI plastics tended to be stiff and brittle during storage. The plastics with glycerol had the slowest aging rate and were fairly stable after 60 days, with about 8.8 MPa tensile strength and 168% strain at break. Plastics with the 2M urea-modification SPI also had a slow aging rate and became relative stable after 60 days, with about 10 MPa tensile strength and 72% elongation.     

表面活性剂及酸处理对污泥脱水性能影响的研究

研究表面活性剂和酸处理对污泥脱水性能的影响，并探讨其作用机理。对采用最优加药量的各种加药方案进行了从污泥性质到脱水行为的一系列横向比较。污泥性质的比较依据为絮体颗粒的宏观(目测)和微观(光学和电子显微镜)变化以及在结合水含量(DSC法测)方面的变化。脱水行为的比较依据为过滤脱水速率(比阻)、离心脱水速率(1800rpm-2min离心后的泥饼含固率)、脱水程度(4800rpm～45min离心后的泥饼含固率)及脱水清液的性质(目测及测定SS、COD、TP)。实验结果表明：除了表面活性剂与Fe^3 和CaO联用外，投加表面活性剂或酸处理对提高污泥脱水速率的意义不大，但却能有效提高污泥的机械脱水程度。表面活性剂的作用机理是：分散作用使污泥絮体结构分散解体，释放出原絮体内部的结合水；增溶作用可溶解有高度水合作用的ECP。酸处理的作用机理是：H^ 与污泥的结合，改变了污泥的表面电荷特性，促进了污泥絮体间进一步的絮凝；使ECP水解，降低了絮体对水的亲和力。     

低有机负荷下三槽式氧化沟运行参数的调整实践

由于唐山某污水处理厂进水的有机负荷远低于设计运行进水条件,致使三槽氧化沟运行不正常。针对这种情况,对低有机负荷状态下三槽式氧化沟的运行参数进行了调整,探索出了低有机负荷状态下三槽式氧化沟的运行模式。     

连续流间歇曝气氧化沟处理生活污水脱氮除磷研究

为了提高低C/N(3.0～3.5)生活污水的脱氮除磷效率,对设置选择池和厌氧池的氧化沟工艺采用了微孔曝气加搅拌的实验方式和连续流间歇曝气的运行方式,通过对总循环周期(tc)、曝气率(fa)以及出水稳定性的分析讨论,得出TN负荷在0.02 kg N/kg MLSS·d下,控制氧化沟曝气时间与总停留时间比在40%左右时,能实现80%以上的除氮率和35%以上的除磷率.与连续曝气氧化沟相比,不仅出水水质更好,而且节省能量.     

序批式反应器处理精对苯二甲酸废水

采用序批式反应器（SBR）处理模拟精对苯二甲酸（PTA）废水,考察了曝气量、沉降时间、进水方式等对对苯二甲酸（TA）生物降解效果的影响。实验结果表明,对于TA质量浓度小于1500mg／L的废水,采用完全曝气SBR运行4h,TA和COD的去除率均能达到95％以上,TA平均去除速率随TA浓度的增加而增大。TA质量浓度为1500mg／L时,曝气量、沉降时间和进水方式是影响其降解效果的主要因素。采用SBR处理高浓度PTA废水可克服污泥膨胀和抗冲击负荷能力弱的问题,且系统的稳定性和PTA废水的处理效果较好。