Mechanical Equipment Injuries in Small Manufacturing Businesses. Knowledge,Behavioral, and Management Issues

This paper presents findings from an extensive study intofactors that impact upon the high rate of injuries due to mechanical equipment, especially in small manufacturing firms. Issues relating to knowledge of health and safety issues and to management practices have been shown to be extremely important with regards to safety in smaii businesses. Knowledge and awareness of hazards were found to be relatively low and few respondents, especially managers, had received adequate safety training. Managers did not regard the identification and control of risks as a priority. Workplaces generally lacked effective safety management procedures such as safety rules and regulations, procedures for recording and learning from accidents, and clearly defined responsibilities for safety. Some issues requiring further investigation, and some recommendations for improving safety in small businesses, are presented.     

油气管线带压不停输封堵技术在长庆油田的应用

长庆油田通过对管道不停输带压封堵施工技术的探索,在改扩建工程施工中取得了良好的效果。实践证明,与常规施工方法相比可有效缩短维护抢修作业工期20%～30%。它在油气田风险管理、事故预防、环境污染治理方面是积极安全有效的。     

水解酸化-两级接触氧化工艺在啤酒废水处理中的应用

啤酒废水具有有机物含量高、悬浮物浓度高、温度高、 pH 值变化大及可生化性较好等特点,生化处理成为国内外啤酒废水处理的主要工艺。公司采用“水解酸化-两级生物接触氧化”工艺对啤酒废水进行处理,运行结果表明,废水pH在8～9, SS、 CODCr、 NH3-N平均浓度分别为710 mg/L、1910 mg/L、49 mg/L时,处理后出水pH在6.5～8.5, SS、 CODCr、NH3-N平均浓度分别为52 mg/L、70 mg/L、11 mg/L, SS、 CODCr、 NH3-N平均去除率分别为93％、96％、77％,满足啤酒废水排放标准的要求。该工艺对废水具有较好的适应性。     

微电解＋Fenton试剂预处理染料废水工程实例研究

采用微电解＋Fenton试剂预处理是有效地解决染料废水不可生化性和色度的一种简单方便技术。通过工程实践证明,采用微电解＋Fenton预处理染料废水能够提高其可生化性,降低色度,联用传统的生化处理技术,处理后的染料废水能够实现达标排放,污染物COD的平均去除率达97%以上。该工艺处理系统运行2年,效果明显、稳定可靠。     

Field experiment on biological contact oxidation process to treat polluted river water in the Dianchi Lake watershed

In this study two types of biological contact oxidation processes (BCOP), a step-feed (SBCOP) unit and an inter-recycle (IBCOP) unit, were designed to investigate the treatment of heavily polluted river water. The Daqing River, which is the largest pollutant contributor to the Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic freshwater lakes in China, was taken for the case study. It was found that the SBCOP had higher adaptability and better performance in the reduction of COD, TN, and TP, which made it applicable for the treatment of polluted river water entering the Dianchi Lake. Nitrification rate was observed to be greatly affected by the influent temperature. During each season, the nitrification in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP. TN removal efficiency in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP during the winter and spring but poorer during the summer, possibly due to the inhibition of denitrification by higher dissolved oxygen level in the summer. Moreover, symbiotic algaebacteria growth may be conducive to the removal of pollutants.     

大型储油罐一次机械密封改造的安全效果

介绍了大型储油罐一次机械密封结构改造为一次机械镀锌钢板加内隔膜弹性耐腐蚀橡胶软密封后,一次机械密封与二次机械密封之间的可燃气体浓度由原来的80％LEL以上下降至10％LEL以下,大型储油罐防雷击火灾取得了较好的效果。     

清洁生产审核在机械制造企业中的应用

清洁生产是企业实现可持续发展战略的必由之路,企业清洁生产审核是企业实施清洁生产的重要内容和有效工具。本文在对某机械制造企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,组织实施了3个中／高费方案和18无／低费方案,已实施方案每年可节电79．7万度,节约柴油10．1吨,节约工时费25．0万元,燃气费1．0万元,产生效益93．2万元,取得了良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

废印刷电路板资源化处理技术研究进展

随着电子技术的不断发展和科技进步,电子产品更新换代速度的加快,随之产生的电子废弃物数量急剧增加。废印刷电路板作为一种电子废弃物含有一些有害的金属元素,它的随意丢弃将会对自然环境和人体健康构成威胁,因此,废印刷电路板的处理与处置成为亟待解决的问题。文章分析了废印刷电路板资源化处理的意义,介绍了国内外常用的几种处理技术,如冶金技术、机械处理技术、焚烧技术等,对目前尚未应用但很有发展前景的热解与微波处理技术也作了介绍,并对这些方法作了简要的分析与评述。     

海洋环境下飞机典型接地柱防腐蚀设计研究

目的研究海洋环境对典型接地柱防腐蚀安装设计的影响。方法以×型飞机某半封闭关键部位安装的接地柱为研究对象,设计三种防腐蚀安装方法,并在实验室环境谱下开展加速腐蚀试验,借助宏观、微观检测及接触电阻测试,对不同类型的试验件开展检测与测试。结果两周期实验室加速试验结束后,采用直接安装模式的接地柱因底座腐蚀而无法检测接触电阻;采用填角安装模式的接地柱外观腐蚀严重,但其内部仍为电接触;采用封包安装模式的接地柱其内部被密封剂保护完好。结论三种接地柱防腐蚀安装设计方法各有利弊,可根据结构的局部环境特点视情选择。     

导线接续管钢套对放线滑车的冲击计算方法及接触过程分析*

为解决输电线路放线施工过程中常见的导线接续管钢套对放线滑车的冲击问题,构建由导线、钢套及滑车等部件组成的多体运动系统,提出适用于各类情况的导线、钢套与滑车的接触判断方法。根据各部件的运动关系,给出各个质点的作用力表达式,并通过钢套长度约束、钢套与滑车的接触约束等隐式方程提出钢套单元内力、滑车对钢套接触力的计算方法。基于有限质点法形成可分析钢套对滑车冲击作用的多体运动系统计算方法,并结合张力放线施工实际,对不同悬挂长度下钢套冲击滑车过程中接触力、牵引力进行计算分析;针对影响接续管钢套性能的主要因素,完成6种因素下钢套通过放线滑车运动过程组合工况的计算。结果表明:导线张力、张力角度、牵引角度对钢套与滑车的接触力有较大影响。提出的钢套对滑车冲击计算方法可为接续管钢套及滑车的精细化结构设计提供更为准确的参考。