LNAPLs污染物在层状非均质多孔介质中的运移试验研究

文章通过室内试验研究层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体(Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid,LNAPL)的运移机制与分布特性。首先,在二维砂槽上进行LNAPL的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机进行拍照,把LANPL的扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后,用AutoCAD对图片进行分析处理,得出不同时刻LNAPL的入渗锋面变化图。结果发现,介质结构突变面改变了LNAPL的迁移模式。在LNAPL由中砂进入细砂层后,由于受到毛细作用的增强,其运移速度加快;而由中砂进入粗砂,受粗砂介质阻滞作用增强的影响,LNAPL运移速度变小。当LNAPL由干砂进入湿润砂体时,由于孔隙水浮托力增大,LNAPL先产生纵向运移,随后以横向迁移的形式在地下水位上部聚积。当达到一定厚度后,LNAPL的压头足以克服浮托力,驱替孔隙水进入砂土孔隙。另外,LNAPL的厚度足够大时,方可克服饱水层受到的浮托力,在地下水位上形成LNAPL池,并因孔隙水向周围砂体排泄,LNAPL池周围的水位上升。     

复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1的絮凝作用机理研究

采取PAC+絮凝剂的复配方式开展高岭土悬浊液烧杯实验,考察了复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1、CBF-1溶解物及微生物絮凝剂MBF8的絮凝特性,并借助iPDA仪分析和扫描电镜、光学显微镜观察等手段,比较分析了絮凝过程及絮体特性的差异.结果表明,各复配絮凝的浊度去除效果排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8,CBF-1投加量1 mg·L-1时,浊度去除率可达到97.5％;絮体强度排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8,絮体恢复因子排序为MBF8＞CBF-1溶解物＞CBF-1,絮体大小排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8.单独投加PAC或投加PAC+MBF8的情况下,形成的絮体形态相对规整、密实;投加PAC+ CBF-1溶解物或投加PAC+ CBF-1形成的絮体则相对无序、疏松,CBF-1作用下絮体大、沉降快.CBF-1中高电荷MBF8组分及大分子羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基多聚糖等组分具有强的电荷中和与桥联协同增效作用;CBF-1还含有纤维素、木质素等大分子量且带多种官能团的不溶性组分,在桥联和吸附过程中也起着重要作用.     

人工湿地堵塞机理及防堵措施浅析及研究

人工湿地作为一种高效率、低投资、低运行费用、低能耗的污水处理技术,越来越受到世界各国的关注。随着人工湿地的不断推广与应用,堵塞是影响其应用和推广的主要因素之一。湿地发生堵塞后,基质的渗透系数会急剧下降,过水能力也随之降低,大量引入湿地系统的污水直接雍积在湿地表面,长期积水引发恶臭、导致蚊蝇滋生,恶化运行环境。本文通过对人工湿地运行过程中出现的填料堵塞机理与特点进行分析,归纳和总结了人工湿地堵塞的影响因素,提出了人工湿地堵塞相应的解决措施,提高人工湿地对污水的处理效果,以期能够为人工湿地的应用及推广提供参考。     

Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran in TiO2 aqueous solution：Kinetics using design of experiments and mechanism by HPLC/MS/MS

The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of carbofuran was optimized by central composite design based on response surface methodology for the first time. Three variables, TiO2 concentration, initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran, were selected to determine the dependence of degradation efficiencies on independent variables. Response surface methodology modeling results indicated that the degradation efficiency of carbofuran was highly affected by the initial pH value and the concentration of carbofuran. Then nine degradation intermediates were detected by HPLC/MS/MS. The Frontier Electron Densities of carbofuran were calculated to predict the active sites on carbofuran attacked by hydroxyl radicals and photoholes. Point charges were used to elucidate the chemisorption pattern on TiO2 catalysts during the photocatalytic process. By combining the experimental results and calculation data, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of carbofuran were proposed, including the addition of hydroxyl radicals and the cleavage of the carbamate side chain.     

企业清洁生产审计运行机制研究

科学发展观的提出贯彻了协调经济发展与环境保护的理念,清洁生产审计则是控制和防范污染的有效管理措施之一,了解清洁生产审计的运行机制并保证其有效实施对中国可持续发展的战略目标至关重要。首先分析了清洁生产审计在国内外研究、发展现状,在综合考虑相关制约因素的茂盛是构建了企业清洁生产审计的运行机制,最后,为保障清洁生产审计运行机制的有效实施,提出了五点保障措施。     

水溶液中臭氧和溴离子的反应研究

为探明O3氧化Br-的反应机制,采用离子色谱、PDA紫外-可见光度仪研究了水中Br-被O3氧化的反应过程.离子色谱分析表明,被氧化的Br-中只有约10%被O3氧化成BrO3-.进一步研究表明,除了生成BrO3-外,Br-被O3氧化过程中还产生了Br2,Br2又与溶液中存在的Br-结合形成Br3-,并首次得到了Br3-的吸收光谱,测得Br3-的最大吸收峰λmax为260 nm,提出了Br-与O3的基元反应.该研究补充和完善了O3氧化Br-的反应机制,也为O3处理含Br-水时Br-的归趋提供了有益信息.     

常规净水工艺对猛水蚤的去除机理及效果

为实现对桡足类生物泄露风险的高效控制,以猛水蚤为研究对象,开展了常规净水工艺对桡足类生物的去除作用机理及效果研究,重点研究了猛水蚤去除与絮体颗粒形态特性关系和在石英砂滤床的分布规律.结果表明:优化操作条件下,混凝沉淀和过滤对猛水蚤去除率均可达99%,最佳工况包括快速搅拌300 r/min(1min)、中速搅拌150 r/min(5min)和低速搅拌75 r/min(5min),聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量10 mg/L,沉淀时间0.5h,滤速9m/h,过滤周期1d.混凝对猛水蚤的去除效率主要决定于猛水蚤与絮体的有效吸附,絮体颗粒粒径越大、分形维数越低,猛水蚤去除率越高;过滤水冲刷携带引起的被动迁移,是导致猛水蚤穿透砂滤池的主要原因,适当降低滤速和缩短过滤周期,控制猛水蚤被动迁移规模,可以达到提高猛水蚤去除率效果.     

UV/PMS体系硝基氯酚降解动力学及机理研究

采用紫外光(UV)/单过氧硫酸氢盐(PMS)体系可有效地氧化降解4-氯-2-硝基酚(4C2NP).考察了溶液pH值、底物初始浓度、PMS初始浓度和氯离子、硝酸根离子初始浓度对4C2NP降解效果的影响.在pH2~5时,体系中4C2NP的降解速率并未出现显著差异;随着pH值升高至近中性,其降解过程受到一定程度抑制.初始底物浓度和PMS浓度与体系中4C2NP的降解速率分别呈现负、正相关关系.外加氯离子对4C2NP降解呈现出双重作用,而硝酸盐离子对4C2NP降解抑制作用不显著.脱氯和脱硝过程是4C2NP主要的降解途径.被释放的氯离子会通过自由基反应进行再氯化过程,而脱落的硝基会很快被氧化生成稳定的硝酸盐,从而抑制了硝基的循环过程.最后,根据中间产物推断了4C2NP降解过程的反应机理.     

添加小麦秸秆生物炭对黄土吸附苯甲腈的影响

选择苯甲腈为目标污染物,研究添加不同热解温度制备小麦秸秆生物碳对黄土吸附苯甲腈的影响. 研究表明:不加生物炭黄土对苯甲腈的吸附约8h达到平衡,而加入生物炭后,黄土对苯甲腈的吸附时间缩短,并随着加入生物炭热解温度的升高,吸附平衡时间缩短越明显,同时,黄土对苯甲腈的饱和吸附量也显著增加;添加生物炭黄土对苯甲腈的动力学吸附数据显示较好的符合了准二级动力学方程;无论是否添加生物炭,苯甲腈在黄土上的吸附都符合Freundlich吸附的等温模型,随系统温度升高,添加生物炭黄土对苯甲腈的饱和吸附量也显著增加,表明该吸附过程为吸热反应;苯甲腈在黄土上的吸附等温线符合C-型吸附等温模式. 计算结果显示,平均吸附自由能E介于1.865~3.171kJ/mol,表明苯甲腈在黄土上的吸附,无论是否添加生物炭,都以物理吸附为主;热力学参数计算结果显示,无论是否添加生物炭,黄土对苯甲腈的吸附过程中吉布斯自由能ΔG^θ均小于0、熵变ΔS^θ和焓变ΔH^θ均大于0,表明土壤对苯甲腈的吸附为自发进行的吸热过程. 研究结果说明,添加生物炭黄土对苯甲腈的吸附过程包含表面吸附和颗粒内部扩散、外部液膜扩散等机制.     

Operating condition influences on PCDD/Fs emissions from sinter pot tests with hot flue gas recycling

This study was designed to clarify the influence of operating conditions on the formation and emissions of polychlorinated-pdibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from a sintering process with hot flue gas recycling. A pilot scale sinter pot with simulated flue gas recycling was developed, and four key operational parameters, including temperature, oxygen content of the simulated waste flue gas, the coke rate of the sintering mixture, and the quicklime quality, were selected for exploring PCDD/Fs formation. The results showed that the temperature of the recycled flue gas had a major affect on PCDD/Fs formation, and a high temperature could significantly increase their formation during sintering. A clear linear correlation between the temperature of recycling flue gas and PCDD/Fs emission (r = 0.93) was found. PCDD/Fs could be reduced to a certain extent by decreasing the level of oxygen in the recycled flue gas, while sintering quality was unchanged. The coke rate had no significant influence on the formation of PCDD/Fs, but the quality of quicklime used in the sintering mixture could affect not only the amount of PCDD/Fs emissions but also the sintering productivity. Compared with a benchmark sinter pot test, PCDD/Fs emissions markedly decreased with improvements to quicklime quality. However, the reduction in PCDD/Fs emissions realized by using high-quality quicklime was limited by the temperature of the inlet gas. The highest reduction achieved was 51% compared with conventional quicklime when the temperature of the inlet gas was 150°C.