On the hydro-dispersive equivalence between multi-layered mineral barriers

In the context of municipal solid waste and hazardous waste disposal, the notion of "equivalence" between different barrier designs appears in regulatory documents from several industrialized countries. While in the past, equivalence has been thought of mainly in terms of contaminant travel times, in recent years it has been defined more in terms of the magnitude of a disposal site's potential impact on groundwater resources. This paper presents some original analytical solutions to the problem of contaminant migration through a multi-layered mineral barrier. The solutions account for the two major mechanisms of subsurface contaminant migration, namely, advection and diffusion-dispersion. An example application using the proposed solutions and a numerical model illustrates how one multi-layered mineral barrier can be considered superior to another from a strictly hydro-dispersive viewpoint. The influence of partial saturation of the mineral barrier is investigated using a numerical solution to the Richards equation for unsaturated flow. It is emphasized that conclusions relative to the superiority of one multi-layered barrier, with respect to another, should not only consider hydro-dispersive aspects, but also other processes such as the mechanical and chemical evolutions of the different barrier components. Although such phenomena are poorly addressed by existing models, failure to take them into account, at least in a qualitative fashion, may lead to unconservative conclusions with respect to barrier equivalence.     

生物质固体废物厌氧发酵过程中HS对产CH4作用研究进展

针对生物质固体废物量大面广,具有污染和资源利用双重特性,厌氧发酵能源化可促进其污染控制,且过程中部分有机成分在微生物作用下转化成腐殖质（HS）.通过分析厌氧发酵过程中HS转化规律、HS结构特征与氧化还原性能、腐殖质还原菌与产甲烷菌活性、产CH₄效率之间的响应关系和作用机制研究进展,总结凝练出生物质厌氧发酵系统内HS对CH₄的调控原理,为减少厌氧发酵系统内HS对产CH₄途径的抑制作用,提高发酵效率的技术研究提供理论支撑.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场中抗生素残留特征研究

为研究城市生活垃圾填埋场中抗生素的残留及其浓度特征,采集上海市老港填埋场中固体废弃物和渗滤液样本,采用超高效液相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用技术(UPLC-3Q-MS)检测抗生素浓度.结果显示,固体废弃物和渗滤液中四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内脂类及β-内酰胺类抗生素的检出浓度范围分别为0.1~4.9μg·kg~(-1),nd~3245.0 ng·L~(-1)、nd~16.3μg·kg~(-1),nd~1360.0 ng·L~(-1)、0.2~367.5μg·kg~(-1),nd~6950.0ng·L~(-1)、LOQ~8.4μg·kg~(-1),0.3~9450.0 ng·L~(-1)及nd~2.8μg·kg~(-1),nd~293.5 ng·L~(-1).抗生素浓度在垃圾填埋场中的分布存在时空差异,填埋场1.5 m处固体废弃物中抗生素的浓度高于0.5 m处,新鲜渗滤液中抗生素浓度大于老龄渗滤液.研究结果为可今后垃圾填埋场中残留抗生素的治理提供理论依据.     

包装废弃物添加脱氯半焦制备SRF的热解及动力学特性

利用热重红外分析仪(TG-FTIR)对包装废弃物添加了4种不同比例脱氯半焦制备而成的固体衍生燃料(SRF)的热解特性及热反应动力学进行了研究分析.研究发现,4种燃料热解过程主要包括4个阶段,其中300~400℃和400~500℃为两个主要失重阶段.前一阶段,SRF-1失重显著高于SRF-2、SRF-3和SRF-4,而后一阶段失重分别呈2、3、4倍增加.4种燃料热解残余量的顺序为SRF-4SRF-3SRF-2SRF-1,即添加了脱氯半焦的燃料热解程度越高.FTIR分析表明,添加了脱氯半焦的SRF燃料第三失重峰处不产生氯代烃.随脱氯半焦添加量的增加,第二失重峰CO2产生的浓度减少;第三失重峰CH4析出浓度增加;第四失重峰CO2析出的浓度增加.采用DEAM分布活化能法得到,转化率α0.3时,SRF-2和SRF-3的活化能均高于SRF-1的活化能,0.3α0.9时(α为0.6时除外),SRF-2、SRF-3和SRF-4 3种燃料的活化能低于SRF-1,且SRF-1的活化能呈升高的趋势,而其他3种燃料呈相反趋势.脱氯半焦的添加有利于SRF燃料的热解.     

投加颗粒活性炭强化餐厨垃圾的厌氧处理

通过投加颗粒活性炭（GAC）强化直接种间电子传递（DIET）进而提升餐厨垃圾的厌氧产甲烷处理效能,并研究了GAC投加导致的微生物群落变化.研究发现,投加了GAC的实验组反应器能够在更高的有机负荷下（10.4kgCOD/（m³·d））稳定运行并维持较高的甲烷产率,不投加GAC的对照组在有机负荷7.8kgCOD/（m³·d）时甲烷产率及pH值均明显降低,挥发酸大量积累,反应器酸化崩溃.微生物群落结构分析发现,GAC表面富集了大量可以胞外电子传递的细菌（占细菌丰度的34%）和可以参与DIET的产甲烷菌（占古菌丰度的88%）,表明GAC的加入可以有效富集这两类微生物的生长,并可能通过GAC强化DIET促进了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化.     

垃圾衍生燃料灰渣中主要元素变化的研究

以垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)为研究对象,在600~1100℃条件下灼烧RDF灰渣,对灰渣中的主要元素变化情况进行分析.研究结果表明,RDF灰渣中主要元素包括硅、氧、铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、碳、硫、氯、磷、钛、锌等;灰渣中的可溶盐倾向富集在≤0.3 mm的灰渣颗粒上;在600~1000℃范围内,其总量处于动态平衡,在1100℃则大幅度减少.随着温度的上升,碳转化为二氧化碳气体;硫元素转化为硫酸盐,随后部分再转化为二氧化硫气体;氯元素转化为以氯化钠和氯化钾为主的氯化盐,在达到一定温度时发生相变转化为气体.硅、氧、铝、钙、镁、磷等元素留存于废渣中,随着温度提高,发生复合化学反应,相互键接形成复合硅酸盐物质.     

危险废物焚烧烟气净化中脱酸工艺条件的优化控制

优化脱酸工艺参数,合理使用脱酸剂是净化烟气、严防二次污染的关键步骤。通过对危险废物焚烧烟气净化中脱酸工艺条件进行筛选和优化,探索适宜的脱酸工艺条件。     

我国纸包装废物产生特性和回收状况研究

纸包装被广泛应用于各个领域,消费量巨大,废物的产生量也巨大,但我国对其产生特性和回收体系研究较少。首先分析纸包装的生产量、消费量、废物产生量和回收量,指出我国纸包装废物回收率,远高于废纸的统计回收率;其次,综合分析纸包装废物的回收特性和回收体系状况,指出纸包装废物主要流向和关键环节;然后,对纸包装消费趋势进行预测,最后,提出纸包装废物回收存在的问题和对策措施。     

在沸石对高放废液水泥固化体中Cs~+浸出率的影响

文章主要研究模拟高放废液加入沸石预处理经碱矿渣水泥固化后Cs+的浸出性能。实验结果表明,处理含Cs+高放废液固化体中加入沸石,能使Cs+浸出率降低";两步法"掺入沸石固化体抗Cs+浸出性能更有所提高;pH值升高Cs+的吸附比增大。