Comparison of Microwave Assisted Extraction with Conventional (Homogenization,Vortexing) for the Determination of Incurred Salinomycin in Chicken Eggs and Tissues

Abstract

Incurred and fortified salinomycin residues were extracted from chicken tissues and eggs by homogenization, vortexing and by microwave assisted extraction. The salinomycin residues were quantitated by liquid chromatography following postcolumn derivatization with either vanillin or 4-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde and detected at 520 or 592 nm, respectively. Comparison of residue data indicated that microwave assisted extraction performed as well as the vortexing technique in extracting salinomycin residues in the tissues of laying chickens that were fed meal containing drugs at various level. In the present study, extracts from homogenizing could not be analyzed directly without clean up. Therefore, microwave assisted extraction appears to be a reliable, reproducible, and economical substitute for routinely used homogenization and vortexing extraction techniques.     

微波辅助疏水膜的清洗

针对膜蒸馏过程中膜表面常见的CaSO4垢和腐殖酸混合垢,对微波强化疏水膜清洗的效果进行了研究。结果表明,对于膜表面的CaSO4垢,微波辅助清洗效率高于常规清洗,且在清洗液的温度和流速较低时,微波的强化清洗效果更为明显;对于膜表面的腐殖酸混合垢,微波辅助清洗后的初始通量恢复率为88.4%,比常规清洗高出10.8%,同时可以相对缓解疏水膜的亲水化。     

Effects of cultivation conditions on the diversity of microbes involved in the conversion of rice straw to fodder

To confirm the optimum cultivation conditions for analyzing lactic acid bacterial communities and to provide the cultivation foundation for lactic acid bacterial communities that were used to convert straw into fodder, fermented rice straw was inoculated into 13 different broths. After 48 h of cultivation, pH values, volatile products, and microbial diversity were analyzed. Except for LAB broth, the pH values of the other broths could decrease to approximately 4.5. GC/MS analysis showed that lactic acid in Tomato MRS broth, MRS broth, LAB broth, and Tomato juice broth was higher than that in the other broths. DNA concentration analysis showed that the counts of microbes in Tomato MRS broth were 2.5 times of those in other broths and that tomato juice favored the reproduction of the microbes. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） analysis showed that the number of lactic acid bacterial species in HYA broth, Tomato juice broth, and Tomato MRS broth were higher than those in the other broths.     

Multi-biological defects caused by lead exposure exhibit transferable properties from exposed parents to their progeny in Caenorhabditis elegans

Whether the multi-biological toxicity from lead exposure could be transferred to progeny has not been clarified.In the present study,we explored the Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities from lead exposure and their possibly transferable properties.The lead exposure could cause series of severe multi-biological defects with a concentration-dependent manner by affecting the endpoints of life span,development,reproduction and locomotion behaviors in nematodes.Moreover,most of these toxicities could be transferred to progeny from lead exposed animals and some of the defects in progeny appeared even more severe than in their parents,such as the body sizes and mean life spans.We summarized the defects caused by lead exposure into three groups according to their transferable properties or rescue patterns.That is,the defects caused by lead exposure could be largely,or partially,or became even more severe in progeny animals.Therefore,our results suggest that lead exposure can cause severely multi-biological defects,and most of these multiple toxicities can be considered as transferable for exposed animals in C.elegans.     

宜宾夜鹭卵中有机氯农药及其代谢物的赋存特征

于2017年在四川省宜宾市采集黑冠夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)卵样30枚(包括9枚无胚卵和21枚胚胎卵),分析了样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况.结果表明,宜宾夜鹭卵中检出了8种OCPs残留物,总含量为4.76～97.9 ng·g~(-1)(以湿重计).其中,p,p′-滴滴伊(p,p′-DDE)含量最高((20±18) ng·g~(-1)),其次为六氯苯(HCB,(5.3±3.4) ng·g~(-1))和β-六六六(β-HCH,(1.1±0.8) ng·g~(-1));滴滴涕类(∑DDTs)中的稳定代谢物p,p′-DDE和六六六类(∑HCHs)中的稳定同分异构体β-HCH占比均在99%以上.p,p′-滴滴涕(p,p′-DDT)和p,p′-DDE在无胚卵蛋液中的残留水平比在胚胎卵蛋液中更高一些,而反式九氯则相反,其余OCPs无差别,这说明鹭卵在孵化过程中p,p′-DDT可能易于代谢,而稳定的p,p′-DDE更容易向胚胎传递.宜宾夜鹭卵中p,p′-DDE的最高含量为84 ng·g~(-1),远低于鹭科繁殖效应阈值(1000 ng·g~(-1)).总体上,夜鹭卵中OCPs的赋存状况较好地反映出长江上游地区OCPs污染水平较低,对夜鹭繁殖的影响较小.     

载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO的微波辅助溶剂解吸方法特性

针对载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO再生利用与解吸液富集回收磷的问题,通过对比直接溶剂解吸法与微波辅助溶剂解吸法在解吸条件、吸附性能与材料层状结构恢复方面的差异,考察了微波辅助溶剂解吸方法的技术特性,并分析了其解吸机制.结果显示,与直接溶剂解吸法相比,微波辅助溶剂解吸法解吸时间由4 h缩短为10～30 min,解吸效果提高15%以上;在同等解吸效果前提下,组合解吸剂(Na_2CO_3+NaOH)浓度降低2倍;解吸剂用量减少10倍.载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO经微波辅助溶剂解吸-焙烧再生后,吸附性能得到较好地恢复,3次吸附-解吸-焙烧后再生率接近90%,比直接溶剂解吸-焙烧再生提高40%.由于微波能够强化溶剂离子热运动、促进离子传质与扩散过程,加快离子交换速率,有利于材料层状结构的有效恢复,因此,微波辅助溶剂解吸法能够在较低解吸剂浓度与用量条件下,实现对载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO的高效、快速解吸,有利于污水中磷的富集回收.     

马齿苋有性繁殖特性研究

马齿苋有性繁殖特性研究结果表明，马齿苋的第1朵花在播种后44d开始开放，以后不断地形成花蕾和开花，并且边开花边结籽、种子成熟后即自行开裂、散落，这种特性给种子收集和生产大量用种带来许多困难，成为制约马齿苋规模化栽培的重要因子．因此，如何找到一套简单易行、操作方便、省时省力、能用于大量生产马齿苋种子的方法，是需要继续在生产实践中探索的问题．     

三种双酰胺类杀虫剂制剂对大型溞生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探索双酰胺类杀虫剂对大型溞的慢性毒性,本文采用氟虫双酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺和溴氰虫酰胺3种双酰胺类杀虫剂制剂,测定其对大型溞生长发育和繁殖的影响,明确其对大型溞的慢性毒性以及大型溞对该类杀虫剂敏感的端点指标。结果表明,氟虫双酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺和溴氰虫酰胺3种制剂对大型溞的寿命、体长、蜕皮数、首胎时长、产胎数、单雌产溞数等端点指标具有不同程度的影响。3种杀虫剂显著减少大型溞蜕皮数的最低浓度分别为1.00×10-2mg·L~(-1)、1.00×10-4mg·L~(-1)、1.25×10-3mg·L~(-1);显著缩短寿命的最低浓度分别为5.00×10-3mg·L~(-1)、1.00×10~(-4)mg·L~(-1)和1.25×10-3mg·L~(-1);显著缩短体长的最低浓度分别为5.00×10-3mg·L~(-1)、8.00×10-4mg·L~(-1)和1.00×10~(-2)mg·L~(-1);显著减少产胎数的最低浓度分别为1.00×10-2mg·L~(-1)、4.00×10-4mg·L~(-1)和1.00×10-2mg·L~(-1);显著减少单雌产溞数的最低浓度分别为1.00×10~(-2)mg·L~(-1)、8.00×10-4mg·L~(-1)和5.00×10-3mg·L~(-1);但是,除溴氰虫酰胺外,其他2种杀虫剂制剂对首胎时长却没有显著影响。端点指标中对氟虫双酰胺的敏感性为寿命和体长蜕皮数、产胎数和单雌产溞数首胎时长;对氯虫苯甲酰胺为蜕皮数和寿命产胎数体长和单雌产溞数首胎时长;对溴氰虫酰胺为蜕皮数和寿命单雌产溞数体长、首胎时长和产胎数。研究结果说明,3种双酰胺类杀虫剂对大型溞的生长发育和繁殖具有不同程度的抑制作用,寿命是评价该类杀虫剂制剂对大型溞慢性毒性的最敏感端点指标。     

Importance of species translocations under rapid climate change

Species that cannot adapt or keep pace with a changing climate are likely to need human intervention to shift to more suitable climates. While hundreds of articles mention using translocation as a climate-change adaptation tool, in practice, assisted migration as a conservation action remains rare, especially for animals. This is likely due to concern over introducing species to places where they may become invasive. However, there are other barriers to consider, such as time-frame mismatch, sociopolitical, knowledge and uncertainty barriers to conservationists adopting assisted migration as a go-to strategy. We recommend the following to advance assisted migration as a conservation tool: attempt assisted migrations at small scales, translocate species with little invasion risk, adopt robust monitoring protocols that trigger an active response, and promote political and public support.     

Translocation of threatened plants as a conservation measure in China

We assessed the current status of plant conservation translocation efforts in China, a topic poorly reported in recent scientific literature. We identified 222 conservation translocation cases involving 154 species, of these 87 were Chinese endemic species and 101 (78%) were listed as threatened on the Chinese Species Red List. We categorized the life form of each species and, when possible, determined for each case the translocation type, propagule source, propagule type, and survival and reproductive parameters. A surprisingly large proportion (26%) of the conservation translocations in China were conservation introductions, largely implemented in response to large‐scale habitat destruction caused by the Three‐Gorge Dam and another hydropower project. Documentation and management of the translocations varied greatly. Less than half the cases had plant survival records. Statistical analyses showed that survival percentages were significantly correlated with plant life form and the type of planting materials. Thirty percent of the cases had records on whether or not individuals flowered or fruited. Results of information theoretic model selection indicated that plant life form, translocation type, propagule type, propagule source, and time since planting significantly influenced the likelihood of flowering and fruiting on the project level. We suggest that the scientific‐based application of species conservation translocations should be promoted as part of a commitment to species recovery management. In addition, we recommend that the common practice of within and out of range introductions in nature reserves to be regulated more carefully due to its potential ecological risks. We recommend the establishment of a national office and database to coordinate conservation translocations in China. Our review effort is timely considering the need for a comprehensive national guideline for the newly announced nation‐wide conservation program on species with extremely small populations, which is expected to stimulate conservation translocations for many species in the near future.